Cerebral Cortex + imaging techniques Flashcards
How many layers does neocortex have?
6
What techniques of imaging are functional?
PET and fMRI
The hippocampus has ___ cortical layers?
4
Which layers contain pyramidal cells?
III, V, IV
Which layers project to other cortical areas?
II + III
Which layer receives large thalamic input?
What type of cells does it have?
IV
Stellate
(Areas thy receive sensory info have wide layer 4)
What are the cells of layer V?
What do these cells project to?
Large pyramidal
Subcortical structures
(Wide lamina 5 if area send out motor info)
Layer VI projects to the___?
Thalamus
What are Brodman area of somatosensory sensation?
3, 1, 2
Visual Brodman areas?
17, 18
Brodmans areas for audition?
41, 42
Brodmans areas for speech production?
44, 45
Are basket cells cells excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
What are ablation studies?
Remove part of brain and observe behaviour
What is the concept where bumps on skull reflect mental faculties and characteristics?
Phrenology
What die an EEG measure?
Electrical activity of large group/ population of neurones
What waves are seen in deep sleep and have a frequency of <4Hz?
DELTA
Large amplitude
In what state are THETA waves seen and what frequency are they at?
Sleep
4-7Hz
What waves are seen if an individual is awake and relaxed?
ALPHA
8-13Hz
What waves are seen in mental activity?
What frequency?
BETA
13-30 Hz
High frequency, low amplitude
What do non-functioning imaging detect?
Structural changes, tumours etc
What type of imaging use strong magnetic fields and radio waves?
MRI
MRI images are produced based on the ____ content of tissues?
Hydrogen (water)
What do PET and fMRI scans detect?
Changes in brain metabolism and blood flow;
- active cells use more O2 and glucose —> increased blood flow
- radioactive dye
The association cortex makes up ___% of the cortex?
75%
What is the main input to the association cortex?
Cortico-cortical connections
Role of association cortex?
Cognition
Integrates info
The PARIETAL association cortex is responsible for?
ATTENTION
The FRONTAL association cortex is responsible for?
Planning
The TEMPORAL association cortex is responsible for?
Recognition
What is the condition where the individual cannot attend to stimuli on one side of the body (opposite side to lesion)?
Contralateral neglect sydrome
Damage to parietal association cortex
What condition arises from damage to temporal association cortex and results in inability to recognise faces?
Prosopagnosia
Speech areas are found in which hemisphere?
Left
Lateralisation
What is aphasia?
Damage to speech areas- inability to produce or understand language
Which association cortex is Broca’s area in?
Frontal
What association cortex is Wenicke’s area in?
Temporal
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Inability to produce language efficiently
Halting, disordered and repetitive speech
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Fluent speech but makes little sense
Inappropriate words
Do speech areas overlap and are they strongly localised in early or late bilingualism?
Early
