MID2 HYPHOTHALANUC AND PITUITARY

Question 1

secretes hormones that regulate
other glands

Answer 1

“Master gland”

Question 2

undergrowth

Answer 2

Hypophysis

Question 3

Pituitary function can be detected between the

Answer 3

7th
and 9th weeks of gestation

Question 4

The structure that connects the hypothalamus
and the pituitary gland

Answer 4

Infundibulum/Pituitary Stalk

Question 5

Largest portion
Originates from Rathke’s pouch

Answer 5

ANTERIOR PITUITARY/ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

Question 6

ANTERIOR PITUITARY/ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Receives 80%-90% of its blood supply via the

Answer 6

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Question 7

5 distinct hormone-synthesizing and – secreting
populations of cells:

Answer 7

Somatotrophs – secrete GH
Lactotrophs – secrete PRL
Thyrotrophs – secrete TSH
Gonadotrophs – secrete FSH and LH
Corticotrophs – secrete
proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Question 8

proopiomelanocortin POMC = Precursor of:

Answer 8

ACTH
β-endorphin
β-lipotropin

Question 9

Poorly developed in humans
Little functional capacity
Can be confused w/ a benign cystic enlargement of
the pituitary gland

Answer 9

INTERMEDIATE LOBE/PARS INTERMEDIALIS

Question 10

Arises from diencephalon
Responsible for storage & release of oxytocin &
Vasopressin/ADH

Answer 10

POSTERIOR PITUITARY/NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

Question 11

The glands have “pulsatile” secretion of
hormones; There is a rhythmic or episodic secretion
of hormones (it is not continuous)

Answer 11

Pulsatility

Question 12

Process of entraining or
synchronizing external cues into
the function of internal biological
clocks

Answer 12

Zeitgeber (“time giver”)

Question 13

SIMPLE FEEDBACK LOOP:
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS

Answer 13

Thyroid to Pituitary → Short Feedback Loop
Thyroid to Hypothalamus → Long Feedback Loop
Hypothalamus to Pituitary → Ultrashort Feedback Loop

Question 14

Larger & more complex than those synthesized in the
hypothalamus

Answer 14

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

Question 15

Two Types of ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

Answer 15

Direct effectors
Tropic

Question 16

Act directly on peripheral
tissue

Answer 16

Direct effectors

Question 17

Actions are specific for another
endocrine gland; Hormones that direct
another endocrine gland to produce another
hormone

Answer 17

Tropic

Question 18

Causes of pituitary tumor

Answer 18

Most Common: Prolactin-secreting pituitary
tumors

Null cell tumors

Tumors that secrete GH, gonadotropins,
ACTH or TSH

Question 19

Atypical pituitary tumors

Answer 19

MIB-1 proliferative index of > 3%

Excessive p53 immunoreactivity

Question 20

Most abundant of all pituitary hormones

Answer 20

GROWTH HORMONE/SOMATOTROPIN

Question 21

Potent stimulator of GH secretion

Answer 21

Ghrelin

Question 22

Results from pathologic or autonomous growth
hormone excess; in most cases, a pituitary tumor

Answer 22

ACROMEGALY

Question 23

Pituitary tumor developed
before the epiphyseal closure of the long
bone

Answer 23

Gigantism

Question 24

Pituitary
tumor developed after the epiphyseal
closure of the long bone after puberty

Answer 24

Bony & soft tissue overgrowth

Question 25

Treatment of acromegaly

Answer 25

Transsphenoidal adenomectomy External beam or Focused Irradiation GH suppression

Question 26

Diagnostic tests in acromegaly

Answer 26

Screening Test: Somatomedin C or Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Confirmatory test: Glucose Suppression test / 75 g OGTT

Question 27

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY diagnostic tests

Answer 27

Diagnostic Tests Screening Test: Physical Activity test (Exercise test) Confirmatory Test: Insulin Tolerance test ■ Insulin Tolerance Test- Gold standard ■ 2nd confirmatory test: Arginine stimulation tes

Question 28

Inducer of GH secretion

Answer 28

Physical Activity, Insulin, Arginine

Question 29

Loss of only a single hormone

Answer 29

Monotropic hormone deficiency

Question 30

deficiency of GnRH and presents hypogonadism

Answer 30

Kallman’s Syndrome (Male)

Question 31

TREATMENT OF PANHYPOPITUITARISM

Answer 31

GnRH infusions – Kallmann syndrome