mid term study guide

Question 1

layers of the heart

Answer 1

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 2

meninge layers

Answer 2

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia matter

Question 3

association tracts

Answer 3

front - back = between gyri in same hemisphere

Question 4

commissural tract

Answer 4

left - right = corresponding gyri from 1 hemisphere to the other

Question 5

projection

Answer 5

in - out/ up - down = convey impulses to lower parts

Question 6

diencephalon includes:

Answer 6

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

Question 7

end of spinal cord

Answer 7

conus medullaris

Question 8

roots of the lower spinal nerves angling down after L1-L2

Answer 8

cauda equina

Question 9

anchoring spinal cord to the coccyx

Answer 9

filum terminale

Question 10

sympathetic

Answer 10

fight or flight response

Question 11

parasympathetic

Answer 11

rest and digest - p for paradise

Question 12

somatic nervous system

Answer 12

voluntary control of movement of skeletal muscles, rapid and smooth, and 1 neuron between the CNS & muscles

Question 13

automatic nervous system

Answer 13

involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles & glands. 2 neurons (pre/post ganglion) while response is ongoing & automatic

Question 14

receptor that is activated by amount. Changing concentration of certain chemical (smell, taste)

Answer 14

chemoreceptors

Question 15

receptor activated when “deformed” to generate receptors potential

Answer 15

mechanoreceptors

Question 16

receptor activated by changes in temperature

Answer 16

thermoreceptors

Question 17

receptor found only in the eye

Answer 17

photoreceptors

Question 18

receptor concentrated in the hypothalamus; activated by change in electrolytes in fluids

Answer 18

osmoreceptors

Question 19

receptor activated by intense stimuli that damages tissue- pain sensation

Answer 19

nociceptors

Question 20

semicircular canal function

Answer 20

dynamic equilibrium (keeping balance during movement)

Question 21

absolute refractory period

Answer 21

no new action potential can be initiated

Question 22

relative refractory period

Answer 22

stronger stimuli is required to initiate an action potential

Question 23

CNS

Answer 23

brain
spinal cord
cells beginning/ending within them

Question 24

PNS

Answer 24

nerves outer region of NS
cranial nerves - from brain exit the skull
spinal nerves - from spine & don’t exit the skull

Question 25

oligodendrocytes

Answer 25

produce myelin in CNS
smaller than astrocytes
hold nerve fibers together

Question 26

Schwann cells

Answer 26

produce myelin in the PNS
form neurilemma

Question 27

resting membrane potential

Answer 27

-70mV “polarized”

Question 28

threshold potential

Answer 28

-55mV “depolarized”

Question 29

afferent

Answer 29

to the brain
sensory
dorsal

Question 30

efferent

Answer 30

away from the brain
motor
ventral

Question 31

s1

Answer 31

av valves closing

Question 32

s2

Answer 32

SL valves closing

Question 33

s3

Answer 33

rapid filling of the ventricles during diastole

Question 34

s4

Answer 34

forced atrial contraction

Question 35

systole

Answer 35

heart contraction phase

Question 36

diastole

Answer 36

heart relaxation phase