Mid Term Exam

Question 1

key components of EBP

Answer 1

1. develop a clinical question (PICO)
2. make a clinical decision
   a. clinical expertise
   b. best research evidence
   c. patient values and preferences
   d. clinical circumstances and setting
3. patient management based on the decision made

Question 2

PICO

Answer 2

Patients
Interventions
Comparisons
Outcomes

Question 3

Research process

Answer 3

1. literature review
2. research question
3. Design/plan study
4. collect data
5. analyze data
6. publish/present

Question 4

milgram experiment

Answer 4

shock other patients, told it was a memory study

Stanley Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities, for example, Germans in WWII.

Took place at YALE

He had his members of the study be the fake participant and the actual participants where the ones delivering the shocks… he wanted to see how far the participants would follow instructions if they were doing it by command and not their choice

Question 5

stanford prison experiment

Answer 5

• led by Zimbardo at Stanford
• The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was a social psychology experiment that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers.
• participants were randomly assigned to guards and prisoners. The guards ended up taking the role too seriously and people were injured. Had to end the experiment early.

Question 6

Tuskegee experiment

Answer 6

Syphilis study, many died or got infected

In 1932, the Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. It was called the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.”

• participants were given syphilis without their knowledge of what was happening and they were told they were being treated for “bad blood”
• In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. Although originally projected to last 6 months, the study actually went on for 40 years.

Question 7

Need for protection for human subjects… 3 principles

Answer 7

1. autonomy: respect each participant as an individual that can make an informed decision about consent and participation (Tuskegee experiment created the need for this)
2. beneficence: risk to benefit ratio, make sure the benefits outweigh the risk
3. justice: are the people equally sampled? Do the people in my study look like people in the world I want to generalize to?

Question 8

conflicts of interest and how to address

Answer 8

• are there things in your life that could impact how you do your research?
• any personal or financial gain involved?

how to address:

• take action ASAP
• talk to superior
• do not hold on to information

Question 9

misconduct does not include….

what happens if misconduct occurs

Answer 9

• does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data… anything like this should be reported to the IRB

happens:
- return of funding
- penalties of fines to PI and the institution
- other funding within the institution may be stopped
- loose professional license
- blacklisted from future research