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Speech Fundamentals > mid term exam > Flashcards

mid term exam Flashcards

1
Q

define stage fright

A

anxiety over prospect of speaking in front of audience

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2
Q

Ways to reduce speech anxiety

A

Acquire experience
Prepare, prepare, prepare
think positively
use the power of visualization
know most nervousness is not visible
Don’t expect perfection

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3
Q

Positive nervousness

A

positive nervousness is controlled nervousness that energizes speaker for presentation

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4
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

Believing one’s group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

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5
Q

How to avoid ethnocentrism

A

respect listeners’ cultural values
adapt message to expectations
imagine oneself in place of listeners
be alert to feedback
listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism

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6
Q

Steps of the speech communication process

A

speaker - the person who presents the speech or begins the conversation
message - what the speaker is trying to communicate with someone else
channel - the means by which a message is communicated
listener - the person who receives the communicated message
feedback - One-way communication. (like when the president makes an address to the nation)
interference - anything that impedes the communication of a message
situation - the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

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7
Q

define egocentrism

A

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

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8
Q

ways to avoid egocentrism

A

Listeners can hear and judge what you say based on what they know and believe
Relate your message to your listeners

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9
Q

define communication

A
  • means of sending or receiving information, such as phone lines or computers.
  • the imparting or exchanging of information or news.
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10
Q

cultural diversity

A
  • gestures, facial expression, and other nonverbal signals vary from culture to culture.
  • The language spoken can be a huge barrier as something in one language may mean something completely different in another
  • the age you are speaking to should impact how you speak
  • Religion around the world can influence beliefs and you should consider other religious orientations
  • The United States is multiracial and multiethnic. The different customs and beliefs should bear upon the speech topic.
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11
Q

What should you pay attention to to understand cultural diversity in the audience

A
  • pay attention to groups the audience is a part of. Know that group affiliations will provide clues for the listeners’ interests and attitudes.
  • not only should you pay attention to the audiences major traits, but also their trait clues to tell how they may respond
  • Know that the larger the audience the more formal the speech/presentation should be
  • Don’t show any displeasure about the location or anything else. The audience will notice this and likely become disinterested.
  • find a topic that not only interests you, but interests the audience and their knowledge and attitudes about the topic.
  • Know that certain remarks or gestures or even signs can be harmful when speaking. Certain cultures will have different definitions that the speaker does.
  • Account for current gender attitudes
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12
Q

goals and guidelines for informative public speaking

A
  • don’t overestimate what the audience knows
  • relate the subject directly to the audience
  • don’t be too technical
  • avoid abstractions
  • personalize your ideas
  • be creative
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13
Q

similarities between public speaking and conversation

A

1) organizing thoughts logically
2) tailoring your message to the audience
3) telling a story for maximum impact
4) adapting to listener feedback

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14
Q

differences between public speaking and conversation

A

1) public speaking is more highly structured
2) public speaking requires more formal language
3) public speaking requires a different method of delivery

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15
Q

types of speeches

A
  • speeches about objects
  • speeches about processes
  • speeches about events
  • speeches about concepts
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16
Q

define credibility

A

the audience’s perception or whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

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16
Q

examples of credibility

A

Having done research about the topic.
Having done whatever the topic may be.
Ie: talking about swim and being a swimmer or coach
Not only firsthand knowledge and experience but research as well

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17
Q

general purpose

A
  • Are you going to explain, report, or demonstrate?
  • Are you going to inform, entertain, or persuade?
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17
Q

specific purpose

A
  • A single, complete phrase
  • States what the speaker hopes to accomplish
  • complete phrase, statement not a question, no figurative language, limit to one distinct idea, avoid being vague
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18
Q

central idea

A
  • a one-sentence statement
  • encapsulates a major idea of the speech
  • expressed as a full sentence, not a question, no figurative language, don’t be vague
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19
Q

define thesis statement

A

a short statement, that is usually one sentence. This summarizes the main point or the claim.

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20
Q

the catalogue

A

show all books, periodicals, and other resources

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21
Q

reference works

A

can save hours of time (yearbooks, encyclopedias, quote book)
Encyclopedias - more in depth and specific
yearbooks - can show impossible info to find
quotation books - have important quotes
biographical aids - life and careers facts

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22
Q

newspapers and periodical databases

A

allow you to locate articles in thousands of publications

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23
Q

academic databases

A

make peer reviewed journals available

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24
Q

components and effectiveness of introductions

A
  • gain attention and interest (relate the topic to the audiences; state the importance of the topic)
  • startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, question the audience, begin with quotation, tell a story, use visual aids
  • reveal the topic
  • establish credibility and goodwill
  • preview the body of the speech
    sample the introduction with commentary
25
Q

tips for the introduction

A
  • keep the introduction brief
  • don’t worry about the exact wording of the introduction
  • work out your introduction in detail
  • don’t start talking to soon
26
Q

components and effectiveness of conclusions

A
  • signal the end of the speech
  • reinforce the central idea (summarize the speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the introduction)
27
Q

tips for the conclusion

A
  • conclude with a bang
  • don’t be long winded
  • don’t leave anything in the conclusion to chance
28
Q

chronological order

A

following a time pattern
- may narrate a series of events

29
Q

spatial

A

following a directional pattern
- main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside to outside, east to west

30
Q

casual

A

ordered to organize main points as to show a cause-effect relationship

31
Q

problem-solution

A

divided into two main points. the first showing the existence and seriousness of a problem. The second presenting a workable solution to the problem.

32
Q

topical

A

when the speech is divided into subtopics, each of which is turned into a main point

33
Q

main points and organization

A
  • ## you should select main points carefully, phrase them precisely, and arrange them strategically.
34
Q

why is organization important

A
  • a well-organized speech often makes the speaker seem more credible competent and trustworthy.
  • organizing speeches can help you to gain practice in general skills and relationships among ideas.
  • this begins to help you determine the main points
35
Q

transitions

A

words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving onto another

36
Q

internal previews

A

this lets the audience know what the speaker will take up next, but is often more detailed than a transition.

37
Q

internal summary

A

the reverse of internal previews. Internal summaries remind the audience what they have just heard/learned

38
Q

signposts

A

brief summaries to indicate exactly where you are in the speech

39
Q

demographic audience analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like

40
Q

situational audience analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting of the speech, and the disposition of the audience of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

41
Q

audience centerdness

A

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

42
Q

examples

A

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

43
Q

statistics

A

numerical data

44
Q

testimony

A

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
- peer - opinions of people like ourselves; with firsthand experience
- expert - testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields

45
Q

examples of tips for using statistics

A
  • use statistics to quantify your ideas,
  • use statistics sparingly
  • identify the sources of your statistics
  • explain your statistics
  • round off complicated statistics
  • use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
46
Q

tips for testimony

A
  • quote or paraphrase accurately
  • use testimony from qualified sources
  • use testimony from unbiased sources
  • identify the people you quote or paraphrase
47
Q

preparation outline

A

where you state your specific purpose and central idea.
- label the introduction, body, and conclusion; designate transitions, internal summaries, internal previews

48
Q

speaking outline

A

contains key words and phrases to jog your memory, as well as essential statistics and quotations.
- make sure it is legible, follows the visual framework as the preparation outline, includes cues for deliveries of the speech

49
Q

preparation for visual aids

A
  • prepare visual aids well in advance
  • keep visual aids simple
  • make sure visual aids are long enough
  • use a limited amount of text
  • use fonts effectively
  • use color effectively
  • use images strategically
50
Q

guidelines for preparing visual aids

A
  • display visual aids where listeners can see them
  • avoid passing visual aids among the audience
  • display visual aids only while discussing them
  • explain visual aids clearly and concisely
  • talk to your audience, not your visual aid
  • practice with your visual aids
  • check the room and equipment
51
Q

A speech typically has how many points

A

2-3 main points

52
Q

Approximately how old is the first successful handbook of defective speech making

A

4,500 years

53
Q

Guidelines for a central idea

A

One complete sentence
No figurative language
Complete idea

54
Q

How much time in a given day does a person spend in communication

A

30%

55
Q

The final statement referring back to the conclusion is what

A

Circle of life statement

56
Q

Approximately what percent of a speech is the conclusion

A

30%

57
Q

Which speech topic is most commonly used

A

Topical

58
Q

Questions asked when writing a credibility statement

A

Is it too technical
Does the purpose meet the guidelines of the assignment
Does it meet the time allotment
Is it relevant to the topic and audience

59
Q

Dr. Jones’s favorite baseball team

A

Chicago cubs

60
Q

What percentage of the speech should the introduction be

A

10-15%

61
Q

define stereotyping

A

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

62
Q

how to avoid stereotyping

A

do not use he or she simple use a word like business person instead of business man

Speech Fundamentals (3 decks)

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