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Speech Fundamentals > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The slippery slope fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

A

False

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2
Q

True or false: the following statement is an example of reasoning from principle: “Places such as Singapore that allow caning and other forms of corporal punishment have exceedingly low crime rates. If caning were used in the United States, the U.S. would have lower crime rates as well.”

A

False

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3
Q

True or false: in addition to being illogical, the ad hominem fallacy is also unethical

A

true

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4
Q

True or false: as your textbook explains, it is unethical to use emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

A

false

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5
Q

True or False: research shows that a speaker’s credibility is strongly affected by circling the correct letter.

A

true

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6
Q

according to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are?

A

competence and character

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7
Q

when giving a persuasive speech to an audience that opposes your point of view, it is especially important that you use —- to answer their objections to your views.

A

evidence

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8
Q

to create common ground with an audience in the introduction of a persuasive speech, your textbook recommends that you

A

show the audience that you share their values

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9
Q

what error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement

A

false cause

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10
Q

which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech

A

Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony
avoid generalizing too hastily

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11
Q

true or false: the sole purpose of a special occasion speech is to convey information to an audience

A

false

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12
Q

true or false: one major purpose of a speech of introduction is to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker

A

true

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13
Q

true or false: as your textbook explains, speeches of introduction usually should be 8-10 minutes long

A

false

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14
Q

true or false: a speech honoring the astronauts who gave their lives on the space shuttle Columbia is an example of a commemorative speech

A

true

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15
Q

true or false: when giving an acceptance speech, speakers should attempt to be brief, show humility, and be gracious about winning an award.

A

true

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16
Q

what is recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is too….

A

Make sure your remarks about the main speaker are completely accurate

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17
Q

one method recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is to….

A

save the name of the main speaker until the final moment

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18
Q

according to your textbook, the main purpose of a speech of presentation it to present…

A

a gift or an award to the recipient

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19
Q

before presenting the college’s Athlete of the Year award, the athletic director made a point of praising the two athletes who were runners up in this year’s competition. According to your textbook, was the choice appropriate for a speech of presentation?

A

Yes. it is often appropriate to praise the losers of a competition

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20
Q

according to your textbook, the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to….

A

inspire

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21
Q

true or false: real-time online speeches are create specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

A

true

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22
Q

true or false: speakers do not need to adjust their pacing for a recorded online speech

A

false

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23
Q

true or false: the visual environment consists of the on-screen elements see by the audience during an online speech

A

True

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24
Q

true or false: gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements all become more noticeable when presenting a speech online

A

true

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25
Q

true or false: experts recommended that having a backup plan is unnecessary for online speeches since speakers have a chance to re-do their presentations at a later time

A

false

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26
Q

define communication

A
  • the means of sending or receiving information, such as phone lines or computers.
  • the imparting or exchanging of information or news
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27
Q

define the following:
rate
pitch
volume
pauses
vocal variety
gestures
kinesics
eye contact

A

rate - the speed at which a person speaks
pitch - the highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice
volume - the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
pauses - a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
vocal variety - change in the speaker’s rate, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
gestures - motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech
kinesics - the study of body motions as a systemic mode of communication
eye contact - direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

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28
Q

define the following:
pronunciation
articulation
inflection
rate
monotone
dialect

A

pronunciation - the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a language
articulation - the physical production of particular speech sounds
inflection - changes in pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice.
rate - the speed at which a person speaks
monotone - a constant pitch or tone of voice
dialect - a variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

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29
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

believing one’s group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

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30
Q

how to avoid ethnocentrism

A

respect listeners’ cultural values
adapt message to the expectations
imagine oneself in place of listeners
be alert to feedback
listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism

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31
Q

define egocentrism

A

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

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32
Q

how to avoid egocentrism

A

listeners can hear and judge what you say based on what they know an believe
relate your message to your listeners

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33
Q

define stereotyping

A

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

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34
Q

how to avoid stereotyping

A

do not use he or she simply use a word like business person instead of business man

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35
Q

define ethics

A

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

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36
Q

ethical decision making

A

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

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37
Q

the guidelines for ethical speaking

A
  • make sure your goals are ethically sound
  • be fully prepared for each speech
  • be honest in what you say
  • avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
  • put ethical principles into practice
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38
Q

define plagiarism

A

presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

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39
Q

global plagiarism

A

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own

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40
Q

patchwork plagiarism

A

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own

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41
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

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42
Q

avoiding plagiarism on the internet

A

1) save the title of the document
2) save the author or organization responsible for the document
3) save the date on which the document was last updated
4) save the date the document was last accessed
5) make sure to identify the type of document and where you found it

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42
Q

the five types of listening

A

appreciative - listening for pleasure or enjoyment
empathic - listening to provide emotional support
comprehensive - listening to understand the message of the speaker
critical - listening to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it
active - giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view

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43
Q

the four causes of poor listening

A
  • not concentrating
  • listening too hard
  • jumping to conclusions
  • focusing on delivery and personal appearance
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43
Q

seven ways to become a better listener

A
  • take listening seriously
  • be and active listener
  • resist distractions
  • don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery
  • suspend judgement
  • focus your listening (listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique)
  • develop note-taking skills
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43
Q

define hearing

A

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

44
Q

how are listening and hearing different

A

listening is paying attention to and making sense of what we hear. hearing is the vibration of sounds in the eardrums and brain

45
Q

how are listening and critical thinking the same

A

because you must use your mind as well as your ears. critical thinking is the way the information is interpreted but listening is important to pick up the facts to help think critically

46
Q

three guidelines for ethical listening

A

1) be courteous and attentive
2) avoid prejudging the speaker
3) maintain the free and open expression of ideas

47
Q

define the following:
imagery
simile
metaphor
alliteration
cliche

A

imagery - the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
simile - a explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor - a implicit comparison, not introduce with words “like” or “as” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
alliteration - repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
cliche - a trite or overused expression

48
Q

define the following:
parallelism
rhythm
repetition
antithesis

A

parallelism - the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
rhythm - the pattern of sounds in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
repetition - reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
antithesis - the juxtaposition of contrasting idea, usually in parallel structure

49
Q

define inclusive language

A

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, religion, race, disability, sex, orientation, or other factor

50
Q

why we should use inclusive language

A

1) to avoid the generic “he”
2) Avoid the use of “men” is referring to something that can be men and women
3) avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
4) use names that groups use to identify themselves

51
Q

define the following:
manuscript speech
impromptu speech
extemporaneous speech

A

manuscript speech - a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
impromptu speech - a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
extemporaneous - a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

52
Q

conversational quality is?

A

the ability to present a speech so that is sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

53
Q

define denotative meaning

A

the literal dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

54
Q

define connotative meaning

A

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

55
Q

difference between concrete and abstract

A

concrete is words that refer to tangible objects
abstract is words that refer to ideas or concepts

56
Q

define persuasion

A

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions

57
Q

define the following:
question of fact
question of value
question of policy

A

question of fact - a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value - a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action (bicycle riding is the ideal form or land transportation)
question of policy - a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

58
Q

examples of questions on policy

A

to gain passive agreement
to gain immediate action

59
Q

examples of questions on fact

A

How many shots were fired at Kennedy?
Did Oswald act alone?

60
Q

examples of questions on value

A
  • bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation
  • elephant trophy hunting is legally and morally wrong
61
Q

questions on policy - need

A

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change in a current policy?

62
Q

questions on policy - plan

A

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

63
Q

questions on policy - practicality

A

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problem?

64
Q

speech to gain passive agreement and immediate action

A

passive agreement - a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
immediate action - a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

65
Q

example of speeches to gain immediate action

A

There should be accessibility to all buildings on all college campuses

66
Q

example of speeches to gain passive agreement

A
  • there should be stricter privacy standard on companies that offer genetic testing
  • the state should increase funding for all levels of public education
67
Q

differences between informative and persuasive speaking

A

informative speeches focus on facts and teaching information to help listeners acquire new info. persuasive speeches focus on persuading listeners to believe something particular and to take action.

68
Q

define ethos

A

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

69
Q

define credibility

A

the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing credibility are competence and character

70
Q

how competence and character effect ethos/credibility

A

competence - how the audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.
character - how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

71
Q

initial credibility
derived credibility
terminal credibility

A

initial credibility - the credibility of the speaker before he or she starts speaking.
derived credibility - the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.
terminal credibility - the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

72
Q

tips for enhancing credibility

A

explain your competence - establish your credibility and reason for speak on the topic
establish common ground with your audience - connect yourself with the values, beliefs, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.
deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

73
Q

define logos

A

the name used by Aristotle for to logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

74
Q

tips for using evidence

A
  • use specific evidence
  • use novel evidence
  • use evidence from a scientific source
  • make clear the point of your evidence
75
Q

define the fallacy:
hasty generalization

A

hasty generalization - a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

76
Q

define the fallacy:
red herring

A

red herring - a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

77
Q

define the fallacies:
appeal to tradition
appeal to novelty

A

appeal to tradition - a fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.
appeal to novelty - a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

78
Q

define pathos

A

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

79
Q

tips to appeal to emotions

A
  • use emotional language
  • develop vivid examples
  • speak with sincerity and conviction
80
Q

define speech of introduction

A

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

81
Q

components of a speech of introduction

A
  • be brief
  • make sure remarks are completely accurate
  • adapt remarks to the occasion
  • adapt remarks to the main speaker
  • adapt remarks to the audience
  • try to create a sense of anticipation and drama
82
Q

define the types of speeches:
speech of presentation
speech of acceptance
commemorative speech
after dinner speech

A

speech of presentation - a speech that presents someone a gift, and award, or some other form of public recognition
speech of acceptance - a speech that give thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of recognition
commemorative speech - a speech that plays tribute to person, a group of people, a institution, or an idea
after dinner speech - speech made after dinner to continue or end the night

83
Q

the ideal number of people in a group is?

A

5 or 7 people

84
Q

define the leader types:
implied leader
emergent leader
designated leader

A

implied leader - a group member whom other members defer to because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
emergent leader - a group member who emerges as a leader during the group’s deliberations.
designated leader - a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

85
Q

responsibilities of each person in a small group

A
  • commit yourself to the goals of the group
  • fulfill all individual assignments
  • avoid interpersonal conflicts
  • encourage full participation
  • keep the discussion on track
86
Q

the reflective thinking method and the 5 steps

A

the reflective-thinking method - a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.
1) define the problem
2) analyze the problem
3) establish criteria for solving the problem
4) generating potential solutions
5) selecting the best solution

87
Q

define the three needs

A

procedural needs - routine “housekeeping” actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
task needs - substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
maintenance needs - communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group

88
Q

Define recorded online speech and real-time online speech

A

recorded online speech - a speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the internet.
real-time online speech - a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

89
Q

guidelines for online speaking

A
  • control the visual environment (the on-screen elements seen by the audience during a online speech)
    - setting, lighting, framing, eye contact, personal appearance
  • adapt your nonverbal communication
  • adjust your pacing
  • don’t forget your audience (interact with them)
  • practice, practice, practice, practice
    • practice the speech, what the audience will see, what they will hear, etc.
90
Q

consensus

A

a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group

91
Q

brainstorming

A

a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts

92
Q

visual environment parts

A

setting - what is in the background behind you
lighting - you don’t want the room to be too dark or too light.
framing - know how to frame yourself towards what the audience will see
eye contact - even though it is online maintain eye contact with the audience
personal appearance - wear professional clothing

93
Q

authoritarian

A
  • leaders are central authority figures
  • have high degree of control and power
  • leaders make decisions; members’ participation is minimal
94
Q

drawbacks of authoritarian leadership

A
  • members of the group rely on the leaders to make decision
  • members may feel unvalued, there opinion is not as important
  • not as many opportunities for ideas and change
  • the ability to always have someone in charge or leading
95
Q

democratic leadership

A
  • leaders and followers make decisions together
  • jointly determine the course of action for the group
  • both are viewed as equals (more two-way communication)
96
Q

drawbacks and benefits of democratic

A
  • lack of organization
  • difficulty problem solving
  • inability to make decisions
  • all members feel equal
  • all members can present ideas and solutions
97
Q

Laissez-Faire leadership style

A
  • leaders are not involved with the teams decision making process
  • “hands off approach”
  • team members work on assignments and evaluate task completion among themselves
98
Q

drawbacks and benefits of Laissez-Faire

A
  • leaders are not involved in the decisions being made
  • less two-way communication and less teamwork
  • no way to influence change in decisions if the work is done individually
99
Q

define false cause

A

false cause - a fallacy in which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

100
Q

define invalid analogy

A

invalid analogy - an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

101
Q

define bandwagon

A

bandwagon - a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

102
Q

define ad hominem

A

ad hominem - a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

103
Q

define either-or

A

either-or - a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternative exist

104
Q

define slippery slope

A

slippery slope - a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

105
Q

the best scenarios to use authoritarian leadership style

A

situations where decisions need to be made quickly, during times of crisis, and when excellence is the expectation, as well as when decisions carry a heavy burden.

106
Q

the best scenarios to use democratic leadership style

A

Democratic leadership works best in situations where group members are skilled and eager to share their knowledge, those who want their team to be involved with problem-solving and decision-making

107
Q

the best scenario to use Laissez Faire leadership style

A

fast-moving, creative industries that attract highly passionate and motivated employees. When the people you are leading have the ability to do their job well,

108
Q

A ——— can contribute to a successful after dinner speech but is not expected

A

Joke or humor

109
Q

What percent of what we hear is retained or grasped?

A

45-55%
Specifically 50%

110
Q

Three ways to give a presentation to supplement

A

Symposium
Oral report
Panel discussion

111
Q

What refers to broad ideas or concepts?

A

Abstract

Speech Fundamentals (3 decks)

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