Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: The slippery slope fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
A
False
2
Q
True or false: the following statement is an example of reasoning from principle: “Places such as Singapore that allow caning and other forms of corporal punishment have exceedingly low crime rates. If caning were used in the United States, the U.S. would have lower crime rates as well.”
A
False
3
Q
True or false: in addition to being illogical, the ad hominem fallacy is also unethical
A
true
4
Q
True or false: as your textbook explains, it is unethical to use emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy.
A
false
5
Q
True or False: research shows that a speaker’s credibility is strongly affected by circling the correct letter.
A
true
6
Q
according to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are?
A
competence and character
7
Q
when giving a persuasive speech to an audience that opposes your point of view, it is especially important that you use —- to answer their objections to your views.
A
evidence
8
Q
to create common ground with an audience in the introduction of a persuasive speech, your textbook recommends that you
A
show the audience that you share their values
9
Q
what error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement
A
false cause
10
Q
which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech
A
Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony
avoid generalizing too hastily
11
Q
true or false: the sole purpose of a special occasion speech is to convey information to an audience
A
false
12
Q
true or false: one major purpose of a speech of introduction is to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker
A
true
13
Q
true or false: as your textbook explains, speeches of introduction usually should be 8-10 minutes long
A
false
14
Q
true or false: a speech honoring the astronauts who gave their lives on the space shuttle Columbia is an example of a commemorative speech
A
true
15
Q
true or false: when giving an acceptance speech, speakers should attempt to be brief, show humility, and be gracious about winning an award.
A
true
16
Q
what is recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is too….
A
Make sure your remarks about the main speaker are completely accurate
17
Q
one method recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is to….
A
save the name of the main speaker until the final moment
18
Q
according to your textbook, the main purpose of a speech of presentation it to present…
A
a gift or an award to the recipient
19
Q
before presenting the college’s Athlete of the Year award, the athletic director made a point of praising the two athletes who were runners up in this year’s competition. According to your textbook, was the choice appropriate for a speech of presentation?
A
Yes. it is often appropriate to praise the losers of a competition
20
Q
according to your textbook, the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to….
A
inspire
21
Q
true or false: real-time online speeches are create specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered
A
true
22
Q
true or false: speakers do not need to adjust their pacing for a recorded online speech
A
false
23
Q
true or false: the visual environment consists of the on-screen elements see by the audience during an online speech
A
True
24
Q
true or false: gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements all become more noticeable when presenting a speech online
A
true
25
true or false: experts recommended that having a backup plan is unnecessary for online speeches since speakers have a chance to re-do their presentations at a later time
false
26
define communication
- the means of sending or receiving information, such as phone lines or computers.
- the imparting or exchanging of information or news
27
define the following:
rate
pitch
volume
pauses
vocal variety
gestures
kinesics
eye contact
rate - the speed at which a person speaks
pitch - the highness or lowness of a speaker's voice
volume - the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
pauses - a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
vocal variety - change in the speaker's rate, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
gestures - motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
kinesics - the study of body motions as a systemic mode of communication
eye contact - direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
28
define the following:
pronunciation
articulation
inflection
rate
monotone
dialect
pronunciation - the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a language
articulation - the physical production of particular speech sounds
inflection - changes in pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.
rate - the speed at which a person speaks
monotone - a constant pitch or tone of voice
dialect - a variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
29
define ethnocentrism
believing one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
30
how to avoid ethnocentrism
respect listeners' cultural values
adapt message to the expectations
imagine oneself in place of listeners
be alert to feedback
listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism
31
define egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
32
how to avoid egocentrism
listeners can hear and judge what you say based on what they know an believe
relate your message to your listeners
33
define stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
34
how to avoid stereotyping
do not use he or she simply use a word like business person instead of business man
35
define ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
36
ethical decision making
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
37
the guidelines for ethical speaking
- make sure your goals are ethically sound
- be fully prepared for each speech
- be honest in what you say
- avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
- put ethical principles into practice
38
define plagiarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
39
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
40
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
41
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
42
avoiding plagiarism on the internet
1) save the title of the document
2) save the author or organization responsible for the document
3) save the date on which the document was last updated
4) save the date the document was last accessed
5) make sure to identify the type of document and where you found it
42
the five types of listening
appreciative - listening for pleasure or enjoyment
empathic - listening to provide emotional support
comprehensive - listening to understand the message of the speaker
critical - listening to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it
active - giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
43
the four causes of poor listening
- not concentrating
- listening too hard
- jumping to conclusions
- focusing on delivery and personal appearance
43
seven ways to become a better listener
- take listening seriously
- be and active listener
- resist distractions
- don't be diverted by appearance or delivery
- suspend judgement
- focus your listening (listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique)
- develop note-taking skills
43
define hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
44
how are listening and hearing different
listening is paying attention to and making sense of what we hear. hearing is the vibration of sounds in the eardrums and brain
45
how are listening and critical thinking the same
because you must use your mind as well as your ears. critical thinking is the way the information is interpreted but listening is important to pick up the facts to help think critically
46
three guidelines for ethical listening
1) be courteous and attentive
2) avoid prejudging the speaker
3) maintain the free and open expression of ideas
47
define the following:
imagery
simile
metaphor
alliteration
cliche
imagery - the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
simile - a explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor - a implicit comparison, not introduce with words "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
alliteration - repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
cliche - a trite or overused expression
48
define the following:
parallelism
rhythm
repetition
antithesis
parallelism - the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
rhythm - the pattern of sounds in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
repetition - reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
antithesis - the juxtaposition of contrasting idea, usually in parallel structure
49
define inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, religion, race, disability, sex, orientation, or other factor
50
why we should use inclusive language
1) to avoid the generic "he"
2) Avoid the use of "men" is referring to something that can be men and women
3) avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
4) use names that groups use to identify themselves
51
define the following:
manuscript speech
impromptu speech
extemporaneous speech
manuscript speech - a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
impromptu speech - a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
extemporaneous - a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
52
conversational quality is?
the ability to present a speech so that is sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
53
define denotative meaning
the literal dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
54
define connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
55
difference between concrete and abstract
concrete is words that refer to tangible objects
abstract is words that refer to ideas or concepts
56
define persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
57
define the following:
question of fact
question of value
question of policy
question of fact - a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value - a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action (bicycle riding is the ideal form or land transportation)
question of policy - a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
58
examples of questions on policy
to gain passive agreement
to gain immediate action
59
examples of questions on fact
How many shots were fired at Kennedy?
Did Oswald act alone?
60
examples of questions on value
- bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation
- elephant trophy hunting is legally and morally wrong
61
questions on policy - need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change in a current policy?
62
questions on policy - plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
63
questions on policy - practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problem?
64
speech to gain passive agreement and immediate action
passive agreement - a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
immediate action - a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
65
example of speeches to gain immediate action
There should be accessibility to all buildings on all college campuses
66
example of speeches to gain passive agreement
- there should be stricter privacy standard on companies that offer genetic testing
- the state should increase funding for all levels of public education
67
differences between informative and persuasive speaking
informative speeches focus on facts and teaching information to help listeners acquire new info. persuasive speeches focus on persuading listeners to believe something particular and to take action.
68
define ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
69
define credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing credibility are competence and character
70
how competence and character effect ethos/credibility
competence - how the audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.
character - how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.
71
initial credibility
derived credibility
terminal credibility
initial credibility - the credibility of the speaker before he or she starts speaking.
derived credibility - the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.
terminal credibility - the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.
72
tips for enhancing credibility
explain your competence - establish your credibility and reason for speak on the topic
establish common ground with your audience - connect yourself with the values, beliefs, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.
deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
73
define logos
the name used by Aristotle for to logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
74
tips for using evidence
- use specific evidence
- use novel evidence
- use evidence from a scientific source
- make clear the point of your evidence
75
define the fallacy:
hasty generalization
hasty generalization - a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.
76
define the fallacy:
red herring
red herring - a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
77
define the fallacies:
appeal to tradition
appeal to novelty
appeal to tradition - a fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.
appeal to novelty - a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.
78
define pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
79
tips to appeal to emotions
- use emotional language
- develop vivid examples
- speak with sincerity and conviction
80
define speech of introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
81
components of a speech of introduction
- be brief
- make sure remarks are completely accurate
- adapt remarks to the occasion
- adapt remarks to the main speaker
- adapt remarks to the audience
- try to create a sense of anticipation and drama
82
define the types of speeches:
speech of presentation
speech of acceptance
commemorative speech
after dinner speech
speech of presentation - a speech that presents someone a gift, and award, or some other form of public recognition
speech of acceptance - a speech that give thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of recognition
commemorative speech - a speech that plays tribute to person, a group of people, a institution, or an idea
after dinner speech - speech made after dinner to continue or end the night
83
the ideal number of people in a group is?
5 or 7 people
84
define the leader types:
implied leader
emergent leader
designated leader
implied leader - a group member whom other members defer to because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
emergent leader - a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations.
designated leader - a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed
85
responsibilities of each person in a small group
- commit yourself to the goals of the group
- fulfill all individual assignments
- avoid interpersonal conflicts
- encourage full participation
- keep the discussion on track
86
the reflective thinking method and the 5 steps
the reflective-thinking method - a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.
1) define the problem
2) analyze the problem
3) establish criteria for solving the problem
4) generating potential solutions
5) selecting the best solution
87
define the three needs
procedural needs - routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
task needs - substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
maintenance needs - communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
88
Define recorded online speech and real-time online speech
recorded online speech - a speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the internet.
real-time online speech - a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered
89
guidelines for online speaking
- control the visual environment (the on-screen elements seen by the audience during a online speech)
- setting, lighting, framing, eye contact, personal appearance
- adapt your nonverbal communication
- adjust your pacing
- don't forget your audience (interact with them)
- practice, practice, practice, practice
- practice the speech, what the audience will see, what they will hear, etc.
90
consensus
a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
91
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
92
visual environment parts
setting - what is in the background behind you
lighting - you don't want the room to be too dark or too light.
framing - know how to frame yourself towards what the audience will see
eye contact - even though it is online maintain eye contact with the audience
personal appearance - wear professional clothing
93
authoritarian
- leaders are central authority figures
- have high degree of control and power
- leaders make decisions; members' participation is minimal
94
drawbacks of authoritarian leadership
- members of the group rely on the leaders to make decision
- members may feel unvalued, there opinion is not as important
- not as many opportunities for ideas and change
- the ability to always have someone in charge or leading
95
democratic leadership
- leaders and followers make decisions together
- jointly determine the course of action for the group
- both are viewed as equals (more two-way communication)
96
drawbacks and benefits of democratic
- lack of organization
- difficulty problem solving
- inability to make decisions
- all members feel equal
- all members can present ideas and solutions
97
Laissez-Faire leadership style
- leaders are not involved with the teams decision making process
- "hands off approach"
- team members work on assignments and evaluate task completion among themselves
98
drawbacks and benefits of Laissez-Faire
- leaders are not involved in the decisions being made
- less two-way communication and less teamwork
- no way to influence change in decisions if the work is done individually
99
define false cause
false cause - a fallacy in which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.
100
define invalid analogy
invalid analogy - an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
101
define bandwagon
bandwagon - a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
102
define ad hominem
ad hominem - a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
103
define either-or
either-or - a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternative exist
104
define slippery slope
slippery slope - a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
105
the best scenarios to use authoritarian leadership style
situations where decisions need to be made quickly, during times of crisis, and when excellence is the expectation, as well as when decisions carry a heavy burden.
106
the best scenarios to use democratic leadership style
Democratic leadership works best in situations where group members are skilled and eager to share their knowledge, those who want their team to be involved with problem-solving and decision-making
107
the best scenario to use Laissez Faire leadership style
fast-moving, creative industries that attract highly passionate and motivated employees. When the people you are leading have the ability to do their job well,
108
A ——— can contribute to a successful after dinner speech but is not expected
Joke or humor
109
What percent of what we hear is retained or grasped?
45-55%
Specifically 50%
110
Three ways to give a presentation to supplement
Symposium
Oral report
Panel discussion
111
What refers to broad ideas or concepts?
Abstract
