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Bio lab Mid term > Mid term Bio II > Flashcards

Mid term Bio II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the characteristics of bryophytes?

A
  1. lack tracheids(tubing); have conducting cells
  2. liverworts, mosses, and hornworts- 3 clades
  3. Gametophyte- conspicuous & photosynthetic(sporophyte); small and dependent
    4.NEEDS WATER FOR SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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2
Q

Difference between moss and angiosperm?

A
  1. Moss
    large gametophyte
    small, dependent sporophyte
  2. Angiosperm
    Small dependent gametophyte
    Large sporophyte
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3
Q

Haplodiplontic Cycle
What happens during the haploid stage?
(gametophyte)

A
  1. Spores get divided by mitosis
  2. produce gametes
    • the gametes fuse with the zygote and produce the first cell of next-gen sporophyte
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4
Q

Haploidiplontic cycle
What happens during the diploid stage(sporophyte)?

A
  1. haploid spores go through meiosis
    • produce 4 haploid spores and 1st generation gametophyte
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5
Q

What are some adaptations to terrestrial life?

A
  1. Protection from desiccation- waxy cuticle & stomata
  2. tracheids- xylem and phloem move water
  3. UV radiation proteciton
  4. shift to dominant diploid
  5. haplodiplontic- haploid & diploid stages
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6
Q

What are the two major clades of green algea?

A

Chlorophytes- Never made it to land
Charophytes- sister to all land plants(streptophytes)

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7
Q

What helped plants colonized land?

A

Fungi

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8
Q

adaptation for phylum angiosperms?

A

Flowers and fruits

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9
Q

adaptation for phylum gymnosperms?

A

Seeds

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10
Q

adaptation for phylum ferns & allies?

A

Euphylis

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11
Q

adaptation for phylum lycophytes?

A
  1. stems, roots, and leaves
  2. dominant sporophyte
  3. vascular tissue
  4. abundant in tropics
  5. superficially resemble moss and sporophyte is dominant
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12
Q

adaptation for phylum hornworts

A
  1. stomata
  2. sister taxa to mosses
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13
Q

adaptation for phylum mosses

A
  1. Stomata
  2. sister taxa to hornworts
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14
Q

adaptation for phylum charophytes

A
  1. Plasmodesmata
  2. Chlorophyll 1& b
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15
Q

adaptation for phylum liverworts

A
  1. Multicellular embryo
  2. Antheridia and archegonia
  3. cuticle
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16
Q

Hepaticophyta Phylum

A
  1. cuticle (for land)
  2. wet land
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16
Q

adaptation for phylum chlorophytes

A

Chlorophyll a & b

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17
Q

Bryophyta Phylum

A
  1. cuticle & stomata(for land)
  2. wet land
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18
Q

Lycopodiophyta Phylum

A
  1. Xylem, phloem, roots, leaves, secondary growth (for larger plants)
  2. moist land
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19
Q

Pteridophyta Phylum

A
  1. Xylem, phloem, roots, leaves, secondary growth (for larger plants)
  2. sister taxa to Lycophyta
  3. moist land
  4. ferns + allies clade
  5. require water for flagellated sperm`
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20
Q

Gymnosperm Phylum

A
  1. Seeds and pollen (dispersal of progeny)
  2. almost any land
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21
Q

antophyta Phylum

A
  1. Ovary, flowers, fruits (dispersal of progeny)
  2. almost any land
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22
Q

Liverworts

A
  1. flattened gametophytes ( 80% look like mosses)
  2. gametangia on umbrella-shaped structures
  3. Asexual reproduction
  4. phylum hepaticophyta
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23
Q

Mosses

A
  1. gametophytes are leaflike structures around the stemlike axis
  2. no true leaves, non-vascular
  3. gametangia form at the tips of the gametophyte (archegonia: female gametangia, antheridia: male gametangia)
  4. flagellated sperm( needs water to swim)
  5. Phylum Bryophyta
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24
Q

Hornworts

A
  1. no fossils until the Cretaceous period.
  2. sporophyte is photosynthetic, embedded in gametophyte tissue
  3. single large chloroplast
  4. phylum anthocerotophyta
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25
Q

who was the first vascular plant?

A
  1. cooksonia
  2. appeared about 420 MYA
  3. phylum Rhyniophyta
26
Q

What is xylem and Phloem responsible for?

A

Xylem- conducts water and dissolves minerals upward from the roots
Phloem- moves sucrose and hormones throughout the plant. (can enhance the plant’s height and size)

27
Q

What is the purpose for stems, roots and leaves?

A

Stems
1. Early fossils reveal stems but not roots or leaves
2. lack of roots limited early tracheophytes
Roots
1. transport and support ( lycophytes diverge before true roots)
Leaves
1. increased surface area for photosynthesis
2. evolved twice ( Euphyllstrue leaves: found in ferns and seed plants, Lycohpylls: in seedless plants

28
Q

what is the purpose for seeds?

A
  1. highly resistant
  2. contain food supply for the young plant
  3. add an extra layer for animals to eat and expand their seeds
29
Q

traits for whisk ferns

A
  1. found in tropics
  2. sporophytes evenly fork green stems without true leaves or roots
  3. some gametophytes developed vascular tissue( only one know to be able to)
30
Q

traits for horsetails?

A
  1. constitute single genus, equisetum
  2. silica deposits in cell- scouring rush
  3. sporophyte, ribbed-jointed photosynthetic stem that arises from branching rhizomes with roots at nodes
31
Q

traits for ferns

A
  1. about 11,000 species
  2. most abundant, seedless and vascular
  3. coal formed from forest 300 MYA
  4. Consicuous sporophytes and smaller gametophytes are both photosynthetic
32
Q

stop and look over the fern cycle

A

haploid and diploid stages

33
Q

Fern morphology

A
  1. sporophytes have rhizomes
  2. fronds(leaves) develop at the tip as tight as rolled-up coils (fiddleheads)
34
Q

Fern reproduction

A
  1. Sporangia cluster (sori) on the back of the fonds
  2. diploid mother cell turn into haploid spores through meiosis
  3. spores germinate into gametophyte(rhizoids, but no true roots or vascular tissue)
35
Q

Evolution of Seed plants

A
  1. first ancestor 319MYA
  2. evolved from spore-bearing plants (progymnosperm)
  3. The seed protects & provides food for embryo, and stops the time for the seed until is good to germinate(later development allowed for disperal)
36
Q

explanation for an embryo seed

A
  1. protected by integument ( extra layer of sporophyte & hardens seed coat)
  2. megasporangium divides mitotically inside the ovule to produce haploid megaspore
  3. megaspore produces egg for sperm
  4. contains food supply for embryo
37
Q

What are the two kinds of gametophytes?

A

Male gametophytes
1. Pollen grains
2. dispersed by the wind or pollinator
3. no need of water
female gametophytes
1. developed within an ovule
2. enclosed within diploid sporophyte in angiosperms
3. ovule and protective tissue are the ovary
4. ovary will developed into the fruit

38
Q

What are 5 phyla from seeded plants

A
  1. Coniferophyta
  2. Cycadophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Ginkophyta
  5. Anthophyta
39
Q

what makes a gymnosperm and what are the living groups?

A
  1. plants with naked seeds (exposed)
  2. lack flower/fruits
  3. groups: coniferophytes, cycadophytes, gnetopytes, and ginkgophytes
40
Q

Conifers (Coniferophyta)

A
  1. Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others (Coastal redwood- tallest living vascular plant; Bristlecone pine- oldest living tree)
  2. Found in colder drier regions
  3. sources of timber, paper, resin and taxol(anti-cancer)
41
Q

description of pines ( Coniferophyta )

A
  1. produce needlelike leaves in clusters
  2. leaves have thick cuticles and recessed stomata to slow water loss
  3. leaves have resin to detect fungal and insect attacks
42
Q

Pine reproduction(male)

A
  1. Pollen grains
  2. develop from microspores in male cones by meiosis
43
Q

Pine reproduction(female)

A
  1. nucleus is surrounded by integument
    • micropyle: small opening at the end of integument, seed coat form the layer of integument
  2. one megaspore from mother can form 4 megaspores via mitosis ( 3 reak down and 1 develops into female gametophyte
  3. female gametophyte has 2-6 archegonia( archegonia has a large egg)
44
Q

Fertilization

A

. takes 2 years to mature (female cone)
2. 1st year pollen grains are drawn down into micropyle and scales close (female)
3. 2nd years later female gametophyte matures(pollen tube is digesting its way through)
4. mature male gametophyte has 2 sperm
5. 15 months after pollination pollen tube reaches archegonium and discharge contents
(1 sperm + egg= zygote, the rest of sperm degenerates)

45
Q

Cycads(phylum cycadophyta)

A
  1. slow growing gymnosperm of tropical and subtropical regions
  2. resembles palm trees
  3. have largest sperm cells of all organism
46
Q

Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta)

A
  1. Only gymnosperm with vessels in their xylem
  2. contain 3 genera(unusual)
    • Welwitschia, ephedra, gnetum
47
Q

Ginkophytes

A
  1. one specie remains ( Ginko Biloba)
  2. Flagellated sperm (dioecious= female & male organism on different trees)
48
Q

Angiosperm

A
  1. Flowering plants
  2. ovules are enclosed in diploid tissue during pollination
  3. carpel(modified leaf) develops into fruit
49
Q

Angiosperm abundance

A
  1. change terrain on earth ( previously dominated by ferns, cycads, and conifers)
  2. features aided in the abundance( flower production, insect pollination, broad leaves with thick veins
50
Q

origins of angiosperm

A
  1. 125MYA\
  2. lack sepals and petals ( not the first angiosperm)
  3. Amborella (genome) is the closest to original angiosperm
51
Q

Flower morphology

A
  1. modified stems bearing modified leaves
  2. primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk (pedicel)
  3. pedicel expands at the tip and forms receptacle, attaches to other parts
  4. flower parts are organized in circles called whorls
52
Q

Flower Whorls

A
  1. Outermost - separates
  2. second- petals
  3. stamens(androecium)-polen male gametophyte; each stamen has a pollen-bearing anther and a filament
  4. innermost(gynoecium)- 1+ carpels; house female gametophyte
53
Q

Carpel major regions

A
  1. Ovary- swollen base containing ovules( later turn into fruit)
  2. stigma- tip where pollen lands
  3. style- neck or stalk
54
Q

What happens during double fertilization

A
  1. produces 4 haploid megaspores
  2. 3 disappear and the nucleus of the remaining spore divides mitotically.
55
Q

Describe the embryo sac

A
  1. daughter nuclei divide and produce 8 haploid nuclei in 2 groups of 4
    - 2 nuclei of each group migrate towards the center and may fuse
    - cell closest to the micropyle becomes the egg
    - 2 cells become synergids
    - antipodal are 3 cells at the other end( no funtion)
  2. integument becomes the seed coat
  3. out of 8 cells, 7 cells make the female gametophyte(embryo sac)
56
Q

Pollen production

A
  1. happens in anthers
  2. diploid microspore mother undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid microspores
  3. binucleate microspore -> pollen grains
57
Q

Pollination

A
  1. Mechanical transfer of pollen to stigma
  2. could lead to fertilization but not always
  3. 1 or 2 pollen grains cell lags ( cell produce 2 sperm or no flagella on the sperm )
58
Q

double fertilization with seed formation

A
  1. one sperm unites with the egg from the diploid zygote ( new sporophyte)
  2. other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm (nutrients for baby)
  3. seed could stay asleep until conditions are favorable for growth
59
Q

how do seeds protect embryos

A
  1. keep them asleep until conditions are favorable
  2. protect embryo when it is vulnerable
  3. provide food until embryo produces its own
  4. facilitate the dispersal of the embryo
60
Q

What is the importance of a seed coat?

A
  1. when seed coat foams, most embryos metabolic activities stop
  2. germination can’t happen unless the embryo has water and oxygen
  3. some seeds remain viable for thousands of years
61
Q

Fruit development

A
  1. ovary wall is termed the pericarp
    - 3 layers: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp (determines the fruit type)
  2. fruits have 3 genotypes in 1 package
    - fruits and seed coat from prior sporophyte generation
    - remnant of gametophyte produce egg
    - embryo represents next sporophyte generation
62
Q

How does fruit disperse?

A
  1. Ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates
  2. hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds/mammals
  3. burial in caches by hervibores
  4. blowing in the wind
  5. floating and drifting in water
63
Q
A

Bio lab Mid term (7 decks)

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