final exam for trujillo 1407 BIO Flashcards
in what way are human and a crab similar
both have muscles that pull against a rigid skeleton
describes protostomes and deuterostomes
protostomes: mouth develops from the blastopore and anal pore from 2nd opening
deuterostomes: anus develops from the blastopore and mouth develops from the 2nd opening
which phylum has a digestive cavity with one opening?
Platyhelminthes
Scorpions have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae. Which taxonomic group are they a member of?
chelicerata
identified the pair of phylum Mollusca that is incorrect
A) Polyplacophora–Chitons
B) Gastropoda–Slugs
C) Bivalvia–Snails
D) Cephalopoda–Nautilus
E) Gastropoda–Nudibranchs
bivalvia-snails
which characteristics are mismatched?
A)Diploblastic–ectoderm and mesoderm
B) Triploblastic–ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
C) Parazoa–lacks symmetry; no tissues
D) Eumetazoa–definite symmetry; tissues organized
E) Chordate–animal with notochord
A) diploblastic- ectoderm and mesoderm
who is the closest relative to the spider?
roundworm
small fishlike chordate with no distinguishable head and a notochord that runs the entire length of the nerve chord
Lancelets
DNA obtained from a sample of water. which gene can be used to categorize as an originating species of an animal?
Genes of spongin
biologist is conducting a research with crabs studying ecdysis, what is she studying
Molting process
Which of the following terms applies to the phylum Nematoda?
A) Parazoa
B) Diploblastic
C) Deuterostome
D) Pseudocoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Which of the following terms applies to the phylum Cnidaria?
A) Radial Symmetry
B) Pseudeocoelomate
C) Parazoa
D) Triploblastic
E) Protosome
Radial symmetry
As a teaching assistant, you are grading lab reports and notice that in a sketch of a cross-section of a roundworm, a student labeled the space between the inner lining of the body wall and the wall of the digestive cavity as the coelom. How should you grade this label?
Label is incorrect, space is not fully enclosed by the mesoderm, so it is a body cavity, but is not the coelom
Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Platyhelminthes?
A) Radial Cleavage
B) Deuterostome
C) Diploblastic
D) Acoelomate
E) Radial Symmetry
Acoelomate
Select the following phylum that includes coelomate, bilaterian animals that have a notochord
A) Echinodermata
B) Annelida
C) Arthropoda
D) Mollusca
E) Chordata
Chordata
what is the name of the special opening that insects have to open and close valves in the trachea
Spiracles
side-to-side thrashing of a nematode is accomplished by the contraction of its circular muscles? T/F
False
Barnacles are sessile filter feeders but unlike bivalves, they have internal fertilization. How do they solve this problem?
They are hermaphrodites with long penises
When a tourist buys a sand dollar at a beach shop, what are they buying?
An endoskeleton of calcium carbonate ossicles
Predict what would occur if the nematocysts of a cnidarian were no longer able to function
food capture would cease
A scientist is studying some developing eggs from an ocean sample. The early embryos have divided only a few times, and all cells look identical. When the scientist carefully removes half the cells from an embryo, both clumps of cells are able to complete development, forming twins. The eggs can be identified as
Deuterostomes
the most successful class of arthropods
Hexapoda
cnidarians branched off the rest animals before _______ evolved
Bilateral symmetry
An entomologist observed a locust sitting on a branch pumping its abdomen like an accordion. What is the insect most likely doing?
assisting in gas exchange in the tracheal system
Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Mollusca
A) Protostome
B) Pseudocoelomate
C) Parazoa
D) Diploblastic
E)Asymmetry
Protostome
In some arthropods tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax known as a
cephalothorax
Given the distribution of the animal phyla across the Earth’s various ecosystems, what would be the most likely habitat for the origin of animals?
Oceans
Inside the beak, an octopus has a rasping tongue that is used to tear apart food. Which gastropod structure is this analogous to?
Radula
Select the phylum that includes deuterostome animals that are exclusively marine and have radial symmetry as adults.
A) Porifers
B) Rotifera
C) Echinodermata
D) Chordata
E) Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Arthropoda?
Coelomate
The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of
jointed appendages
A collection of arthropods is sitting in the lab prep room, and as a teaching assistant, you must select a hexapod from this diverse group of specimens to show your class. Which characteristic will quickly make you certain that what you have selected is a hexapod?
Wings
A marine biologist makes a presentation about crustaceans to your biology class. He explains that he has recently received an NSF grant to study sessile crustaceans. You are only aware of one group of sessile crustaceans. This crustacean must be
a barnacle
Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called
trochophores
why do tapeworms don’t have a mouth on the scolex
Endoparasites don’t need a mouth
The organ that is responsible for secreting cocoons in earthworms is known as the
Clitellum
Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called
Ommatidia
A snail in your garden and an oyster are quite different in appearance. What would be evidence to justify grouping them together?
both have a mantle capable of secreting calcium carbonate
damage to the flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from…
circulating water through the sponge
If an adult human suffered a traumatic injury, could their notochord be damaged?
No; adult humans do not have a notochord
Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called
Chaetae
Which one of the following features is unique to animals?
movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue
A tunicate looks like a sponge. How could a biologist distinguish it from a member of the Porifera?
tunicates have a stomach
Parazoa
A) Are pseudocoelomates
B) Exhibit bilateral symmetry
C) Include Cnidaria and Ctenophora
D) Exhibit primitive segmentation
E) Have no true tissues
have no true tissue
A biologist discovered a new animal. Upon studying its embryonic development, she observed radial cleavage with the blastopore developing into an anus. This animal was categorized as a
deuterostome
The excretory structures of terrestrial arthropods are slender projections from the digestive tract that are attached at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. These are called
Malpighian tubules
Linnaeus lumped all of the worm-like animals into the category Vermes (Vermis is Latin for worm). Is this a valid classification scheme?
no, worm-like body plan has appeared many times through evolution, not useful trait
Although it is recognized that segmentation is more widespread that previously thought traditionally segmentation was said to be found in
Arthropoda, Annelida, and Chordata
Humans have direct development, a closed circulatory system, well-developed eyes, and large brains. Which mollusk also shares these features?
Octopus
What do echinoderms and chordates have in common?
Endoskeletons
Cucumis sativus is a creeping vine native to Southeast Asia. Today, it is cultivated around the world for its fruit, called cucumbers. After double fertilization, three carpels (each containing multiple ovules) will fuse and elongate into a cucumber with high water content and a thin skin. When mature, the entire cucumber (skin, pericarp, and seeds) are often sliced and eaten raw in salads. Based on this information, what type of structure is a cucumber?
Berry
In leaf cutter ant colonies, the ants clip leaves to feed a fungus garden and then the ants feed on the fungus. Is this a mutualistic relationship?
yes, ants and fungus are engaged in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship
A bryologist (a scientist that studies mosses, and their allies) gives a lecture to your biology class. In her lecture, she makes a reference to fern reproduction. She says, “Fern spores germinate into ____.”
gametophytes, often heart-shaped and have rhizoids that anchor the fern to the substrate
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all tracheophytes?
A) Specialized Conducting Systems
B) Seeds
C) Waxy Cuticle
D) Roots
E) Stomata
Seeds
Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts have been called
Bryophytes
Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae?
A) Basidiomycetes
B) Deuteromycetes
C) Glomeromycetes
D) Chytridiomycetes
E) Ascomycetes
Glomeromycetes
What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by athlete’s foot?
Parasitism
Are any of these vegetables actually fruit?
A) Sugar Beets
B) Carrots
C) All of these are vegetables, none of them are fruit
D) Celery
E) Corn
Corn
Pollination and fertilization are essentially the same process. If pollination occurs, fertilization will follow quickly. (T/F)
false
A botanist examines two plants. Plant A has large colorful petals; plant B has extremely tiny white flowers. Which one is most likely animal pollinated?
Plant A
The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was only discovered in 1998, but it has been blamed for the death of millions of amphibians around the globe. It is aquatic, and its flagellated zoospores have the ability to use chemotaxis to swim towards an amphibian, where it burrows into the skin and secretes enzymes to dissolve and absorb the tissue.
What phylum does this fungus belong to?
Chytridiomycota
The seed coat is formed by the hardening of the
Integument
Which part of the seed is responsible for providing nutrition to the embryo?
Endosperm
Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of the problem of
Dessication
Ruminant animals have symbiotic fungi that
Digest cellulose and lignin
Why can corn seeds germinate in total darkness?
the endosperm provides the embryo with nutrition needed during the initial germination station
Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called
Mycorrhizae
Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants?
Pollen grains are transported by wind or animal
In seed plants the sporophyte has been greatly reduced in size and is typically just a few cells. (T/F)
False
Based on the number of species, the most successful extant phylum of plants is the
Anthophyta
Ephedrine is a stimulant that is derived from a member of the phylum
Gnetophyta
The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as
Mushroom
Which group of fungi is NOT correctly matched with an example?
A) Chytridiomycota – unicellular frog parasites
B) Basidiomycota – toadstools
C) Ascomycota – mushrooms
D) Neocallimastigomycota – cellulose-degrading gut symbionts of cows
E) Zygomycota – bread molds
Ascomycota–mushrooms
A waxy cuticle prevents desiccation. What is the cost of this adaptation?
Reduced gas permeability
What is the function of the generative cell in conifers?
formation of the sperm
Malik discovers a plant while out on a walk. The leaves have vascular tissue, so it is clearly a tracheophyte, but he would like to narrow it down more. After further study, Malik observes that the plant has non-flagellated sperm, a seed that develops in an exposed ovule, and possess both vessels and tracheids.
Based on this information, this plant is most likely a member of which phylum?
Phylum gnetophyta
A particular fungus lives on the bark of damaged spruce trees. This fungus has heterokaryotic hyphae, which means
There are two genetically distinct nuclei in each compartment
Which plants are characterized by a conducting system, the possession of cuticles, specialized stems, and roots, stomata, and, in many species, seeds?
Tracheophyta
Fruits derived from which structure?
Ovaries
Which one of the following traits would be found in the sporophyte of a typical fern but not a moss?
tracheids
What is a 15 meter tall tree fern?
Sporophyte
Why are most bryophytes less than 10 cm tall?
They have conducting cells instead of tracheids
Due to their pinnately compound leaves, tropical habitat, and overall appearance members of which phylum are often thought of as a type of palm?
Cycadophyta
Drupes have multiple seeds and fused carpels (T/F)
False
The development of tracheids helped land plants to
grow to very large sizes
Which of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false?
A) For each gene, cells of the gametophyte stage have a single allele
B) The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stages
C) Mitosis occurs in both sporophyte and gametophyte stages
D) The gametophyte stage produces gametes by mitosis
E) Spore mother cells produce haploid spores by meiosis
The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stages
The most abundant group of seedless tracheophytes plants are the
Ferns
Which of the following true statements about humans tell you that we do not have a haplodiplontic life cycle?
A) Sperm are created by meiosis in the testes
B) As a baby grows into an adult, new cells are added by mitosis
C) A human zygote is formed by fusion of a sperm and an egg from different parents
D) The human body is composed of many diploid cells
sperm are created by meiosis in the testes
he aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character?
the use of flagellated motile sperm
The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the
Chytridiomycota
What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by mycorrhizal fungi?
mutualism
The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in
Mosses, Liverworts, And Ferns
What does it mean if a plant is dioecious?
there are separate male and female sporophytes
For which of the following organisms is the sporophyte stage the dominant stage in the life cycle?
A) Charophyte
B) Liverwort
C) Fern
D) Moss
E) Green Alga Chlamydomonas
Fern
Double fertilization produces a _____ embryo and a _____ endosperm
Diploid ; Triploid
The most economically useful unicellular fungi are
Yeasts
A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a
Lichen
What happens to the ovary after fertilization in angiosperms?
It becomes the fruit
Pollen comes from…
Anther
A chemist creates a compound that interferes with the polymerization of N-acetylglucosamine. What effect is this likely to have when applied to cultures of fungi?
The cell walls will be thin and weak
How does fungal mitosis differ from animal mitosis?
The nuclear envelope often remains intact in fungal mitosis
All gymnosperms have needle-like leaves and produce some type of resin (T/F)
False
Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contamination in a drug preparation?
Chitin
In what way are bacteria and fungi similar?
Ecological function
Double fertilization occurs when
One sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei
A mass of hyphae in an ascomycete is commonly referred to as a(n)
Mycelium
Which of the organisms do not possess a cuticle?
A) Bryophytes
B) Charophytes
C) Pterophytes
D) Club Mosses
E) Tracheophytes
Charophytes
As the endosperm matures it swells and eventually becomes the fruit (T/F)
False
Alexander Fleming kept finding mold contamination that was killing his bacterial cultures. This observation eventually lead to the development of the antibiotic penicillin. Why would a fungus produce a compound that is selectively toxic to bacteria?
Fungi compete with bacteria for resources
The dominant stage in the life cycle of tracheophyte plants is the
Sporophyte generation
What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic?
the presence of chloroplast
An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain the origin of the first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps, EXCEPT for
A) assembling an atmosphere with H2, CH4, NH3, and H2S
B) increasing the temperature of the gases.
C) placing this atmosphere over liquid water.
D providing energy with electrical spark discharges.
E) inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started.
inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started
The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A “0” indicates the ancestral condition, while “1” indicates the derived condition. Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group? (look at quizlet)
C
The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by
Trypanosomes
The Irish potato famine in the 1840’s was caused in large part by a proliferation of a(n)
oomycete a “water mold”
Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly and this allows helpful genetic variation to spread quickly through a population. Which process doe NOT provide new, potentially helpful DNA to a bacterium?
A) conjugation
B) transformation
C) binary fission
D) transduction
E) mutation
binary fission
Oomycetes are characterized by all of the following, except they
A) produce zoospores asexually
B) contain two unequal flagella
C) are able to reproduce sexually
D) contain motile spores
E) are considered fungi
are considered fungi
Amoebas move from place to place by means of their
pseudopods
The early Earth’s reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except
oxygen
The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by
trypanosomes
What would be stong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic?
acoelomate
The image below illustrates one of the possible origins of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. How does this model differ from the correct explanation of an Archaean host cell acting as the progenitor to the eukaryotic nucleus?
A) Under the “inside-out” hypothesis, the outer nuclear membrane, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm were derived from extracellular protrusions
B) Invaginations formed by the plasma membrane of an Archaean evolve to form the nuclear envelope and endomembrane system known as “outside-in” hypothesis
C) Both A & B
Both a and B
Derived characteristics states shared by clade members are called
synapomorphies
If an adult human suffered a traumatic injury, could their notochord be damaged?
no, adults humans do not have a notochord
The figure shows the evolutionary diversification of the largest clade of herbivorous beetles with the group of plants on which they specialize. Choose the true statements about the evolution of species richness in herbivorous beetles (Hint* - two correct choices).
A) Feeding on conifers evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms
B) Feeding on cycads evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms
C) The multiple, independent evolution of herbivory in beetles is closely linked to their great species richness
D) Diversification of the angiosperms may have led to the diversification of herbivorous beetle
feeding on conifers evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms(A)
Diversification of the angiosperms may have led to the diversification of herbivorous beetles(B)
All gymnosperms have needle-like leaves and produce some type of resin (T/F)
False
During cell division the progeny of a trypanosome express a different variables-surface glycoprotein (VSGN) gene than their parents. Why is this done?
to hide from the host’s immune system
It has been discovered that enzyme-like catalysis can be carried out not only by proteins but also by
RNA
The side-to-side thrashing of a nematode is accomplished by contraction of its circular muscles. (T/F)
False
Predict what would occur if the nematocysts of a cnidarian were no longer able to function
food capture would cease
A scientist is studying some developing eggs from an ocean sample. The early embryos have divided only a few times, and all cells look identical. When the scientist carefully removes half the cells from an embryo, both clumps of cells are able to complete development, forming twins. The eggs can be identified as
Deuterostomes
Which of the organisms do not possess a cuticle?
charophytes
Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as
diatoms
Based on the number of species, the most successful extant phylum of plants is the
Anthophyta
The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the
chytridiomycota
The malarial parasite, Plasmodium, is a member of the group
alveolata
Characteristics that are present in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be _____ characteristics.
ancestral
All of the following were produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others, except for
A) hydrogen cyanide
B) organic molecules
C) urea
D) prokaryotes
E) amino acids
prokaryotes
homo sapiens have existed on earth for about 10% of the earth’s history (T/F)
False
Which eon would contain rocks with no fossils
Hadean
Sponges (phylum: Porifera) are animals that possess feeding cells called collar cells. These cells have a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. The collar filters organic matter out of the water column. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans?
choanoflagellates
The cell walls of a newly discovered bacterium contain high concentrations of phospholipids, along with proteins and lipopolysaccharide. If the bacteria are Gram stained, what color would you expect as a result?
Pink
Which of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false?
A) For each gene, cells of the gametophyte stage have a single allele
B) The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stages
C) Mitosis occurs in both sporophyte and gametophyte stages
D) The gametophyte stage produces gametes by mitosis
E) Spore mother cells produce haploid spores by meiosis
The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stages
True multicellularity is a major characteristic of
A) protists, plants, and animals
B) prokaryotes and protists
C) animals and plants only
D) eukaryotes only
E) all eukaryotes and a few prokaryotes
Eukaryotes only
the first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps, EXCEPT for
A) assembling an atmosphere with H2, CH4, NH3, and H2S
B) increasing the temperature of the gases.
C) placing this atmosphere over liquid water.
D providing energy with electrical spark discharges.
E) inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started.
inoculating with a few bacterial to get the process started
Which one of these groups is NOT of the five supergroups of protists
A) Amoebozoa
B) Archaeplastida
C) Ophisthokonta
D) SAR
E) Ascomycota
F) Excavata
Ascomycota
