Mid Term 2 Chapter 4,6,7 Flashcards
What is Emotionally counterfeit:
statements that appear to describe feelings, but lack emotional content.
What is Emotional intelligence (EI) and the 4 main componts
to describe the ability to understand and manage our own emotions and be sensi- tive to others’ feelings.
1. self-awarenss
2. Self management
3. Social awarenss
4. Realtionship management
What is Emotions
as feeling states that include physiological changes, cognitive interpretations, and outward expression.
What is Reappraisal
rethinking the meaning of emotionally charged events in ways that alter their emotional impact
- related to positive psychological health outcomes
What is emotional labour
to describe situations in which managing or even supressing emotions are both appropriate and necessary
What is Emotional Contagion
Emotions can spread from one person to another through a process
What is Interpersonally
emotions that is through your own thought processes.
What is facilitative emotions
which contribute to effective functioning
What is debilitative emotions
hinder or prevent effective per-performance.
- they are usually more intense and longer lasting than facilitative emotions and are frequently based on irrational thinking.
What is communication apprehension
An example of a debilitative emotion
- feelings of anxiety that plague some people at the prospect of communicating in an unfamiliar or difficult situation such as giving a speech, meeting strangers, or being interviewed for a job.
What’s the difference between debilitative emotion and facilitative emotions
intensity and second characteristic of debilitative feel- ings is their extended duration( feeling sad after a breakup)
What is Rumination
involves recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment
-rehashing negative events over and over in your head increases feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression, and makes them last longer
What is rational–emotive approach
a method is based on the idea that the key to changing feelings is to change unproductive cognitive interpretations
a cognitively-based therapeutic approach that involves getting rid of debilitative emotions by changing one’s thinking.
for example Activating Event: Being called names, Thought or Belief: “I don’t deserve to be treated like this.”, Consequences: hurt, anger
- Step 1: Monitor emotional reactions
- Identify stimuli and events/experiences that you have unpleasant emotional reactions to
- Pay attention to your self-talk/ Intrapersonal communication
- Use your self-talk/ Intrapersonal communication to dispute fallacies
What is Self-talk
the non-vocal, internal monologue that is our process of thinking.
To understand how self-talk works, pay attention to the part of you that, like a little voice, whispers in your ear.
What are the 6 Fallacy
- perfection
- approval
- Should
- overgeneralization
- causation
- helplessness
- catastrophic expectations
What is Fallacy of perfection
People who accept the fallacy of perfection believe that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle any situation with complete confidence and skill.
- You become more liberated each time you comfortably accept the idea that you are not perfect.
“I made a mistake—I guess I’m human, and I learned something from it” is far more facilitating.”
What is Fallacy of approvel
go to extreme lengths to seek acceptance from others, even to the extent of sacrificing their own principles and happiness.
- can lead to some ludicrous situations, feeling apologetic when you’re not at fault.
Fallacious approval seeking:
“If I speak up about those racist jokes, the others will probably think I’m hung up on political correctness.”
Rational:
“I hope they won’t think I am overly PC but I’d rather speak up than compromise my beliefs.”
- abandoning the fallacy of approval does not mean living a life of selfishness.
What is fallacy of should
One source of unhappiness is the inability to distinguish between what is and what should be
-Hold expectaitons of others and ourselves
- it’s more realistic to think, “I wish they would behave the way I want—but maybe I’m being unrealistic to expect better behaviour.”
What is fallacy of overgeneralization
occurs when a person bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence
- “Some friend I am! I forgot my best friend’s birthday.”
- It’s more rational and less punishing to avoid overgeneralizing.
- A second, related category of overgeneralization occurs when we exaggerate shortcomings: (she is always late my exapmle)
-
what is fallacy of causation
believe they should do nothing that can hurt or in any way inconvenience others because it will cause undesirable feelings.
“ I want tell my friend that they have interrupted our other friend multiple times becuase I don’t want to make them upset” (my example)
- We may act in provocative ways, for which we are responsible, but each person is also responsible for the way they react.
Taking ownership for your actions and reactions can often lead to a sense of empowerment.
what is fallacy of helplessnes
suggests that forces beyond our control determine our satisfaction in life. People with this outlook continually see themselves as victims:
“There’s no way a woman can get ahead in this society. The best thing I can do is to accept it.”
what is fallacy of catastrophic expectations
Some fearful people operate on the assumption that if something bad can happen, it probably will.
- If i ask my friends to hang out, they problay wont because they have something better to do” (my example)
- start imagining terrible conse- quences, a self-fulfilling prophecy can begin to build.
what is emotion management
involves self-awareness, emotional intelligence
how are emotions experienced and expressed influcend
Personality, culture, gender, social con- ventions and roles, social media, and emotional contagion
we must reconginze the difference between…
feelings and acting
Appropriate emotional expression requires what
willingness to accept responsibility for one’s feelings instead of blaming them on others
Deteremined to share our emotions properly we need to ..
hoose the proper time and place.
What is emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize emotions in ourselves and others, to manage our emotions, and to use emotions to enhance our self-motivation, our empathy, and our relationships with others.
what is abstraction ladder
A range of more-to-less abstract terms de- scribing an event or object.
what is ambiguous language
ambiguous language Language that consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
what is assertiveness
Clearly expressing thoughts, feelings, and wants.
what is “but” statement
A statement in which the second half cancels the meaning of the first, for example, “I’d like to help you, but I have to go or I’ll miss my bus.”
what is code switching
Alternating between two or more languages or varieties of a language in a single conversation.
what is convergence
The process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify. See also divergence.
what is divergence
A way of speaking that emphasizes difference from others. See also convergence.
what is euphemism
A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information.
what is evaluative language (emotive language)
Seems to describe something, but really announces the speaker’s attitude to- ward it.
what is high-context culture
A culture that relies heavily on verbal and non-verbal cues to maintain social harmony.
what is “I” language
A statement that describes the speaker’s reaction to another person’s behaviour without making judgments about its worth. See also “we” language and “you” language.
what is “it” statement
A statement in which it replaces the personal pronoun I, making the statement less direct and more evasive.
what is linguistic relativity
The notion that a language both reflects and shapes the worldview of those who use it.
what is low-context culture
A culture that uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically
as possible.
what is phonological rules
Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language.
what is politeness
Communicating in ways that save face for both senders and readers.
what is power language
Direct and forceful word choices, with declarations and assertions (“I won’t”; “I will”).
what is powerless language
Tentative and indirect word choices, with hedges and hesitations (i.e. “Excuse me, sir”; “I guess”;
“okay?”).
what is pragmatic rules
Rules that govern the interpretation of language in terms of its social context. See also semantic rules and syntactic rules.
what is racist language
Reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior.
what is relative language
Words that gain their meaning by comparison.
what is semantic rules
Rules that govern the meaning of language, as opposed to its structure. See also pragmatic rule and syntactic rules.
what is sexist language
Words, phrases, or expressions that differentiate between females and males unnecessarily, or that
exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex.
what is syntactic rules
Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols. See
also semantic rules and pragmatic rules.
what is “we” language
The use of first-person plural pronouns to include others, either appropriately or inappropriately. Language that implies the issue being discussed is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of a message. See also “I” language and “you” language.
what is “you” language
A statement that expresses or implies a judgment of the other person. See also evaluation, “I” language, and “we” language.
what is territory
A stationary area claimed by a person or animal.
what is social distance
One of Hall’s distance zones, ranging from 1.2 to 3 metres away.
what is regulators
Non-verbal behaviours that control verbal interaction. The best example of such regulation is the wide array of turn-taking signals that people utilize in everyday conversation.
what is public distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, extending outward from 3 metres away.
what is proxemics
The study of how people and animals use space.
what is polychronic
An approach to the management of time that emphasizes flexibility of schedules and pursuing multiple tasks at the same time.
what is personal space
The distance we put between ourselves and others.
what is personal distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from 45 centimetres to 1.2 metres away.
what is paralanguage
Non-linguistic means of vocal expression (e.g., rate, pitch, and tone).
what is oculesics
The study of how the eyes can communicate.
what is non-verbal communication
“all behaviours, other than words, that communicate messages and have shared meaning between people”.
can be thought of as symbolic behaviour that a recievr needs to interpert
what is monochronic
An approach to the management of time that emphasizes punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time.
what is kinesic
The study of body movements.
- Body orientations: when talking to minors, we tend to lean forward but we also lean forward to express interest and engagement with a sender.
- Gesture: a cook or models hand movement may be the same but they might not mean the same thing (My example)
- Face and eyes: : the face gives insight into how someone is feeling: Parts of our brain are specifically for processing facial information
Eye contact: occurs when you look at another person’s eyes more than you don’t.
what is intimate distance
One of Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from skin contact to 45 centimetres away.
what is haptics
Communication involving touch.
what is emblems
Culturally understood substitutes (non-verbal behaviour) for verbal expressions.
what is disfluencies
Non-linguistic verbalizations, for example, um, er, ah.
what is chronemics
The study of how people use and structure time.
what is barrier behaviours
Strategies, primarily non-verbal, designed to create physical space between ourselves and other people.
what is Physiological Changes
When a person has strong emotions, many bodily changes take place.
For example, the physical components of fear include an increased heartbeat, a rise in blood pressure, ect
what is Cognitive Interpretations
may be cases in which there is a direct connection between physical behaviour and emotional states, in most situations the mind plays an important role in determining how we feel
what is Outward Expression
Feelings are often apparent by observable changes. Some of these changes involve a people appearance: blushing, sweating, etc
Other changes involve behaviour: a distinctive facial expression, different vocal tone
what is the the three components of emotions
- A Physiological component (what happens inside of you)
- A Cognitive comment (the ‘thinking’ component)
- A Behavioural component (what other people can see)
what is moods vs. emotions
Emotions involves Physiological component, Cognitive comment, and Behavioural component
Moods- one definition “ a prolonged, consistent, feeling state. Can be either negative or positive”
Normally last a longer time then emotions
Not really shared by the cognitive component
Not really shard with predictable behavioural expression
what is james-lange theory (organismic view)
In the late 1800’s William James and Carl Lange, both came up with similar theories of emotions
proved that experiencing a stimulus, then leads to a physiological response, and finally cognitive labelling of the physiological response.
However, with this evidence and others, it should be that physiological responses are less influential than other factors in terms of experience and expression of emotion
what is Cannon-Bard Theory
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, was a theory that suggested that cognition/feeling of emotion plus physiological response happen at the same time
The issue though is that it suggests a lot of processing at levels of the brain that don’t perceptually process this sort of information
Suggest that cognition and physiology are separate from each other
what is Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
in the 1960s suggested that two events must take place before we feel an emotion
Both physiological arousal AND a sort of cognitive labelling or arousal on the foundation that the contact and environment the stimuli are experienced in must occur
When both are happening, an emotion is labelled and experienced
what is facial feeback hypothesis
- suggest that emotional stimulus can cause physiological arousal
Facial expression can relate to emotions
Muscles are used to make a facial expression, report back to the brain about a certain emotion and potentially intensify the conscious feeling of an emotion
What is ambiguity
vagueness associated with nonverbal communication
Factors that influence the meaning of nonverbal behaviours can be
- Historical context
- shared field of experience
- current communication environment,
- the sender’s physical characteristics
- sender’s movement and position.
easy to be misunderstoof
What is the difference bewteen clues and facts
Nonverbal behaviours provide CLUES which you are responsible for selecting, organizing and interpreting. Nonverbal behaviours are NOT facts and should NEVER be treated as such. *
what is believablity
When the verbal and nonverbal can’t be interpreted in the same way, a situation arises that is labelled a “mixed message”
Mixed messages mean that the receiver has to decode the information and choose what to believe
What is deceptions cues
We can use nonverbal information to determine if someone is lying BUT it could be bad to use your interpretation of nonverbal information as facts
What are the 5 characters non-verbal communication
- Gender and culture
- Mediated Messages : photos, emojis, punctuation
- Ambiguous:
- Primarily Relational: serve practical functions/ allows us to define the kind of relationships we have—or want
- Always occurring: its impossible not to communicate
what are the 5 functions of non-verbal communication
- Creating and maintaining relationships
- Regulating interaction
- Influencing others
- Influencing ourselves 5. Concealing or deceiving
