Mid term 2

Question 1

Segmental system

Answer 1

Segmental systems are Alphabets

Duenos Inscription: old latin
Early Greek Alphabet

Question 2

Alphabetic signaries

Answer 2

small set of written symbols-each of which roughly represents or represented historically a phoneme of a spoken language.

Question 3

Root if the word “alphabet”

Answer 3

Alpha, Beta… Of greece

Question 4

Features of alphabetic writing

Answer 4

• Each language has rules that govern the correspondence between sound and symbol
• Few characters

Question 5

Types of alphabetic writing (3)

Answer 5

“True” alphabet: using right now
Abjad: don’t worry about vowels as much
Abugida: different terms often used- [a] sound, inherent vowel value

Question 6

Segments

Answer 6

The letters of alphabets are interpreted as speech sounds

Question 7

Voiceless alveolar stop- is [t] a discrete sound?

Answer 7

• influenced by environment of surrounding sounds

- working with the mental representation of the sound (phoneme)

Question 8

Alphabetically written words

Answer 8

words written in an alphabet can be pronounced by the letter
have to learn how the sounds match to the symbol

Question 9

phoneme

Answer 9

a linguistic unit that is abstract and contrastive, unique from language to language
a speech sound that carries out meaning-differentiating function in any given language
a phoneme itself is meaningless-needs context (not contrastive until meaning is assigned.

Question 10

minimal pair

Answer 10

demonstrate that two speech sounds constitute two separate phonemes in a language

Question 11

Finnish phonology

Answer 11

distribution of [d] and [t] in Finnish
[madon]’of a worm’ [maton]’of a rug’
[kadot]’failures’ [katot] ‘roofs’

minimal pairs are proof that [d] and [t] are contrastive

Question 12

The roman Alphabet

Answer 12

phoenician Abjad

proto-cannonite→Phoenician→Western/Euboean Greek→Etruscan→Latin

Question 13

The Abecedary (Etruscan)

Answer 13

Written from right to left
early form of alphabet
try to maintain the original system but some things were changed
early form has more original greek symbols
if the sound you need isn’t there-use next best thing

Question 14

The Latin Alphabet

Answer 14

no J, U, W, Y, Z
less symbols than sounds
what was added since Etruscan? X, G
only in upper case
Latin phonemes have long vowels and a lot of diphthongs

Question 15

The fit of the Latin alphabet

Answer 15

Latin has a small number of inconsistencies between it’s letters and the phonemes they represent
multiple ways to represent k (Q, C)
greek origins but no sounds

Question 16

the discarded letter

Answer 16

The Romans discarded the of the Etruscan alphabet then readied- started borrowing words that had that sound

Question 17

Ypsilon

Answer 17

greek symbol, lost it’s tail, became V

Question 18

The medieval additions

Answer 18

The letters j, u, w were the last to be added to the roman alphabet

Question 19

A late modification of J

Answer 19

i and j considered the same

j is i with a flourish swash

Question 20

u was a late modification on v

Answer 20

no v sound in Latin
<u> and were in free variation, could use either one and it would mean the same thing
= w, y, y:</u>

Question 21

Another convention: Boustrophedon

Answer 21

no spaces, right then left each line.
early latin and ancient Greek
turning like an Ox ploughing

Question 22

Adaptions of the roman alphabet

Answer 22

The adaptions of the roman alphabet sometimes required extensions: 
symbol modification
ligatures
diacritics
new forms

Question 23

Ligatures

Answer 23

a fashion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph
examples,
‘ash’ ‘ethel’ ‘eszett’

Question 24

Diacritics

Answer 24

marks that are added to specific letters to modify their pronunciation

Question 25

homoglyph

Answer 25

look the same but separate meanings

Question 26

suprasegmentals

Answer 26

``` Tone in Pinyin macron acute accent caron Grave accent no accent use these 4 to produce tone ```

Question 27

polyvalence

Answer 27

one symbol, many values cross linguistically

Question 28

Deep vs shallow orthography

Answer 28

``` deep and shallow orthographies are determined by the ratio of phonemes to graphemes Finnish 1 to 1 ratio: shallow English 24 to 1: deep shallow means straight forward deep is multiple values to one symbol ```

Question 29

Runic alphabet

Answer 29

``` written left to right thought to have developed independently of other alphabets under the influence of latin carved in wood or stone originally 24 characters, reduced to 16 Deep orthography- polyvalence geometric in shape ```

Question 30

Braille

Answer 30

a tactile writing system invented in Paris by Louis braille in 1829 what is on money isn't braille-independent system associated system "memeth' for math grade 1 braille and grade 2 braile ( more complex)

Question 31

Graffiti

Answer 31

need context to be able to understand sometimes highly stylized letters or some can be more logographic or art "any writing, etching, drawing, or symbol applied to any public/provate property without the consent of the owner. Act of vandalism and a crime." Art-permission=Vandalism

Question 32

Consonantaries (abjads)

Answer 32

"true' alphabet is consonants and vowels | consonantaries is mostly consonants

Question 33

Abjads

Answer 33

writing systems in which grapheme represent only the consonants

Question 34

Semitic writing system

Answer 34

among the earliest languages to attain written form

Question 35

consonantal root of semitic writing

Answer 35

A distinctive characteristic of the semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a "root" of consonants in a fixed order and a "pattern" of vowels Root XXX Vowel pattern XaXaX

Question 36

Abjads origins

Answer 36

A west semitic speaker invented the abjad from which defended all non-chines writing systems in use today

Question 37

Proto-Canaanite

Answer 37

``` written right to left invented in 1700 BCE by canaanites having some knowledge of Egyptian writing was originally pictographic used to be either way no vowels ```

Question 38

Phoenician Abjad

Answer 38

Consonantal Proto-Caananitic 1100 BCE West Asia right to left, less pictorial

Question 39

A dead sea scroll

Answer 39

1947-1956 found along the dead sea | written on thin goat calf skin etc

Question 40

Aramaic Abjad

Answer 40

``` Branch off of Phonecian 600 BCE right to left was lingua franca of the area replaced Hebrew but then the Jews took Hebrew back ```

Question 41

Hebrew writing

Answer 41

``` Consonantal Proto-Canaanitic West Asia 10th century right to left 22 consonants ```

Question 42

Mother of reading

Answer 42

Master lectionis was a system for representing long vowels using consonant letters never occur word initial short vowels aren't marked

Question 43

Diacritics

Answer 43

a mean of indicating vowels using diacritics above or below the grapheme

Question 44

cantillian marks

Answer 44

pitch or phrasing when reciting something there is an ideal phrasing to have the most accurate meaning every time its chanted it's chanted the same way

Question 45

Hebrew numbers

Answer 45

use as few letters as possible and try to keep larger values on right Gematria: trying to find hidden meanings in numerical systems

Question 46

Arabic writing

Answer 46

``` consonantal proto-caaninite to Armaic West Asia, Africa 3rd century CE right to left ```

Question 47

Abugidas

Answer 47

a phonographic writing system in which one vowel is assumed with each consonant grapheme and other vowels can be written as diacritics on the consonant graphemes Phonographic= sound mapped to symbol evolved out of adjabs

Question 48

Languages of South Asia

Answer 48

Indo-Aryan | Dravidian

Question 49

Indus valley script

Answer 49

``` indus valley "writing" developed around 2500 BCE short texts not a lot of data to work with disappeared 1900 about 400 symbols somewhere between logo syllabic (mixed) evidence of pictographs and ligatures ```

Question 50

The Asokan texts

Answer 50

written in abugidas Kharosthi brahmi written on pillars and rocks, provides most of what we know about this

Question 51

Kharosthi (Abugida)

Answer 51

``` northwest India used to write the Prakrit Gandari right to left can have vowel initial words differentiation between aspirated and non-aspirated used along the silk road diacritic changes vowel value ```

Question 52

Brahmi (Abugida)

Answer 52

non-northwest India Used to write Prakrit then Sanskrit Ancestor of all indic scripts, tibetan writing, and most scripts of Southeast Asia left to right Coin that has Greek on one side and Brahmi on the other debatable origin geometric shapes and curvy lines

Question 53

Features of the Scripts of Brahmi and Kharosthi

Answer 53

``` All consonants written inherent [a] sound two allographs for each vowel free (stand on own as vowel) Bound (added vowel value) ligatures (represent consonant clusters) ```

Question 54

differences of Brahmi and Kharosthi

Answer 54

Brahmi left to right and Kharosthi is right to left | Kharosthi can't show vowel length, Brahmi can

Question 55

Devanagari (Abugida)

Answer 55

most widely used script in India All scripts of South Asia use much the same structure as is found in Devanagari sometimes called jabari (city of Gods) bar attaches all symbols together

Question 56

Aksara

Answer 56

A Sanskrit term for 'letter' representing an open orthographic system free vowel grapheme consonant symbol (including vowel diacritics)

Question 57

Vyanjana (consonants) and Svara (vowels)

Answer 57

34 consonants (ornamental sounds) 14 vowels (pure sounds) multiple diacritics bar attaches all of the symbols when linked together

Question 58

Buddhism and Sanskrit

Answer 58

Buddhism brought the Sanskrit language and the Brahmi abugida to southeast Asia

Question 59

A Tamil Script

Answer 59

A dravidian language | left to right direction

Question 60

The Tamil signary

Answer 60

no line across the top very curly and loopy still some right angles roundest shape thought to come from it originally being written on palm trees-avoid breaking the leaf unvoiced stops in Tamil considers the only true consonants diacritics used to suppress [a] value and give it a different vowel value

Question 61

Tibetan

Answer 61

``` written left to right A Sino-Tibetan language Believed to be modelled after Devanagori similar to devanagari in that it has an essence of a top line a lot of descending symbols, very angled ```

Question 62

Tibetan consonants and vowels

Answer 62

30 consonants 5 vowel signs use Aksara distinction between aspirated and unaspirated

Question 63

languages written right to left

Answer 63

``` Etruscan proto-Canaanite Phonecian abjad Aramaic abjad Hebrew kharosthi ```

Question 64

languages written left to right

Answer 64

``` Runic alphabet Braille brahmi Devanagari Tamil Tibetan ```