Mid term 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of learning?
The acquisition,from experience,of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
What are the 3 key ideas of learning?
- Learning is based on experience
- Learning prodeces the change in the organisim
- These changes last over time
What is behaviorism?
The study of oberservable behavior and the role of the environment inflence on behavior.
What are the two key things in the study of behaviorism?
- Has to be an observable behavior
- Environments
What is conditioning?
The learning that involves association between a stimuli and the organisms response.
What are the two main types of behaviorist theories on learning?
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
Who is the main person involed in classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavolov
What else is Classical conditioning refered to as?
- Pavolovian
- Respondent Conditioning
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
Previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to create a response through association with a stimulus that already creates a similar or related response.
What animal did pavolov test his theory on?
A dog
You set an alarm on your phone to ring every day at noon to remind you to eat lunch. One day, you hear the same alarm tone from someone else’s phone on the skytrain and it makes you feel hungry.
In this example of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response?
Feeling hungry.
What is the term for the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response?
Extinction
A dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell does NOT salivate at the sound of a whistle. What has occured here?
Discrimination
What was the neutral stimulus that became the conditioned stimulus that ‘Little Albert’ was classically conditioned to fear?
White rat
What type of reinforcement involves adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour recurring?
Positive Reinforcment
Students with perfect attendance for the entire semester are exempt from writing the final exam. What form of operant conditioning is being applied to increase the behaviour of attending class?
Negative Reinforcement
How many pairings are typically needed to establish taste aversion, according to classical conditioning principles?
Only ONE
TRUE OR FALSE
Receiving money as a reward can be considered a type of primary reinforcement.
False
Which schedule of punishment works the BEST to decrease undesirable behaviour?
Consistent Punishment
What term describes the basic registration of light, sound, touch, odour, or taste as the body interacts with the physical world?
Sensation
Fill in the blank
is the process by which organisms organize, identify, interpret, and assign meaning to sensory inputs to form a mental representation of the world
Perception
Lady Gaga claims to be able to “see music”. What is this cross- talk of sensations called?
Synasthesia
What is the process of converting physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the central nervous system called?
Transduction
Fill in the blank
________ _________ is the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
What is the primary function of rods in the retina?
Night vision
What types of cells in the retina are responsible for our ability to see colour?
Cones
True or Flase
Humans can only see a tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, while other forms of electromagnetic wavelengths such as UV light, IR light, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves are invisible to the human eye.
True
Humans cannot hear the sound of a dog whistle. Would this be considered a hit, miss, false alarm or correct rejection according to Signal Detection Theory?
Miss
The sound waves are being sensed, but are not perceived
Fill in the blank
People with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ have an absence or dysfunction of one or more of the cone types and experience difficulty distinguishing certain colours from one another, such as red and green.
Colour Blindness
True or False
It is impossible for a human to survive if half of their brain is removed.
False
Fill in the blank
The brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to experience by reorganizing or growing new neural connections is called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Plasticity
Due to excessive use of cellphones in younger generations, the brain region representing this body part is considerably larger than in older generations.
Thumbs
Fill in the blank (2)
The cerebrum is divided into two _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and connected by thin tissue called the______ ________
Hemispheres; Corpus Callosum
The cerebral cortex is made of up four lobes - Frontal, Temporal, Occipital and Parietal. Which lobe contributes to what makes us uniquely human?
Frontal Lobe
Fill in the blank
The Central Nervous System contains the _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Brain and Spinal cord
After a long day at school and work, you go home, eat a snack and relax for the rest of the evening. Which system is activated during this ‘rest and digest’ part of your day?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
Increase speed, efficiency and accuracy of electrical signals within neurons
What is The space between neurons where neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate and acetylcholine cross, allowing neurons to communicate with one another.
Synapse
What is Postive Reinforcment?
A behaviour is followed by the addition of a stimulus which increases the frequency of the behaviour
Define negative punishment.
a behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus, which results in a decrease of the behaviour
What is Negative Reinforcment?
a behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus which increases the frequency of the behaviour
Fill in the blank.
Positive punishment is when When a behaviour is followed by the ________ of a stimulus, which results in a _________ of behaviour
Addition,Decrease
True or False
Intermittent Reinforcement is the most beneficial.
True
What is the most effective for of punishment?
Intermittent or Continuous
Continuous Punishment
Fill in the blank
______ & ______ are related but seperate events.
Sensation & Perception
What specialized cells convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain?
Sense Receptors
What are the four possible outcomes for Signal Detection Theory?
- Hit
- Miss
- False Alarm
- Correct Rejection
Define a Unconditional Stimulus (US).
Stimulus that creates a reflexive response in the absence of learning
Food
Fill in the blank.
Reflexive response created by a ______________ in the absence of learning.
Stimulus
What is a neutral response?
Stimulus that does not yet produce a response, regularly paired with unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Once a neutral stimulus that now creates a conditioned response after multiple pairings.
Fill in the blank
Response that is created by a ________ stimulus. Occurs after the CS is associated with the Unconditional Stimulus.
Conditioned
What was the purpose of Thorndikes box?
For Satisfying things to be rewarded and Unsatifying things to not be done.
What are the differences between Classical and Operant?
Classical: Involuntary, Reflexive responses
Operant: Voluntary, spontaneous responses
Describe Thorndikes box.
Food was placed outside the box, if trigger was pushed the door would open.
What is a primary reinforcer?
Satifies basic human needs.
Food,water,safety and physical comfort
Fill in the blank.
Things ________ has taught us is important.
Society
money and smiles
What is a primary punishment?
Naturally unpleasant things
physical pain
Define a secondary punishment.
Things society has taught us are bad
bad grades
What is the job of the cornea?
Protects eye and bends lights towards lens
Fill in the blank.
____ job is to focus on objects by changing shape.
The lens
What does the Iris do?
Control the amount of light that gets into the eye
Fill in the blank
____ Widens and dilates to let in more light.
The pupil
What does the retina do?
Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeballs interior, which contains receptors for visions
Why do we not notice blindspots?
Images hitting a blind spot are picked up by the other eye and the brain fills the gap
What is gestalt psych?
Allows us to percieve and recognize objects very quickly.
What is a way to lessen the behavioral deficits after brain damage?
Brain rehab
Retraining the brain
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
What is the job of the frontal lobe?
Movement,Abstract thinking,planning, memory and judgement
Which lobe is responsible for hearing and language?
Temporal Lobe
Fill in the blank
________lobe is responsible for visual info.
Occipital Lobe
What is the Lobe incharge of processing info about touch?
Parietal
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
Handles input and output from the Central nervous system
Fill in the blank.
Nervous system is made up of _________&_______________
Neurons and Glia
What is the job of the dendrites?
Branch-like fobres that recieve info from other neurons abd transmit towrds cell body.
Fill in the blank.
_____ keeps neurons alive and plays key roles in determing whether neurons will fire.
Cell Body
What does the axons do?
Extending fibre that conducts impulse away from cell body and transmits to other cells
What is a myelin shealth?
Constrictions in covering (nodes) divide myelin into segments.
