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Psyc 1100 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Define Psych.

A

The discipline concerned with behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment

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2
Q

Who is considered father of psych, and established the first psychological lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

What does empircial evidence mean?

A

Numbers

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4
Q

What was the ancient pseudoscientific practice believed that specific personality traits could be “read” from bumps on the skulls called?

A

Phrenology

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5
Q

Who is associated with pschoanalytics theory and the emphasis on the unconscious mind?

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

What % of humans mind is conscious at any one time?

A

2-10%

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7
Q

Fill in the blank

In psych research, mental processes are measured using_________ ______________.

A

Operational Definition

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8
Q

When conducting an experiment what do psychologist manipulate?

have control over

A

Indpendent Variable

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9
Q

In an experiment investigating the effect of eating junk food on weight gain, what would be the dependent variable?

A

Weight

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10
Q

In an experiment investigating the effect of eating junk food on weight gain, what would be the experimental condition?

A

Junk Food Group

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11
Q

Assigning partipants to different groups by drawing numbers out of a hat is an examples of what important research practice?

A

Random assignment

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12
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle number in a set

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13
Q

Feeling a boost of energy after drinking a decaf coffe is called what type of effect?

A

Placebo

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14
Q

True or false

Correlation proves causation.

A

FALSE

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15
Q

What is it called when a memory is tied to a very strong emotion and feel very accurate?

A

Flashbulb Memories

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16
Q

What are the three processes of memory that describe how memory “get in” “stay in” and “get out” of our minds?

A

Encoding, Storage and Retrival

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17
Q

What type of encoding is when you remember words by imagining them?

A

Visual Imagery encoding

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18
Q

What is millers magic number for the capacity of Short term memory?

A

7 +/-2 pieces of info

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19
Q

What type of memories are stored for longer than 30 sec in the human brain?

A

Long term memory

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20
Q

True or False

Eyewitness testomonies are an ideal form of evidence for police and lawyers to use because humans have SUPERIOR memory for faces.

A

False

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21
Q

Knowing how to swim would be considered which type of long-term memory?

A

Procedural memory

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22
Q

What is a memory trick or technique used to help remember?

A

Mnemonic Device

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23
Q

What type of long-term memory has been impaired, after a severe car accident and a patient can’t remember general factes, 2+2=4 and birds can fly?

A

Semantic Memory

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24
Q

What term describes the basic registration f light,sound,touch,odour or taste as the body interacts with physical world?

A

Sensation

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25
Q

What is the term for the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response?

A

Extinction

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26
Q

What was the neutral stimulus that became conditioned stimulus that “Little Albert” was classically conditioned to be scared of?

A

White Rat

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27
Q

What type of reinforcement involves adding something pleasant to increase likelihood of a behavior reocurring?

A

Positive Reinforcement

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28
Q

Students with perfect attendance for the entire semester are exempt from writing the final exam. What form of operant conditioning is being applied to increase the behavior of attending class?

A

Negative Reinforcement

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29
Q

How many pairings are needed to establish taste aversion according to classical conditioning principles?

A

1

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30
Q

True or Flase

Receiving money as a reward can be considered a type of primary reinforcment.

A

False

Money is a secondary reinforcer

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31
Q

What is the best schedule to decrease undesirable behavior?

A

Continuous Punishment

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

Fill in the blank

__________ is the process by which organisms organize,identify,intrepret, and assign meaning to sensory inputs to form a mental representation of the world.

A

Perception.

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34
Q

What is the term for the cross talk of sensations called?

A

Synasthesia

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35
Q

What is the process of converting physical signals from environment into neural signals sent to the central nervous system called?

A

Transduction

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36
Q

Fill in the blank

________________ ____________ is the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer 50% of the time.

A

Absolute threshold

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37
Q

What is the primary function of rods in the retina?

A

Night Vision

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38
Q

What is the name of the types of cells in the retina responsible for our ability to see color?

A

Cones

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39
Q

True or Flase

Humans can only see a tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum,while other forms of electromagnetic wavelengths such as UV light, IR light, Xrays,Microwaves and radio waves are invisble to the human eye.

A

True

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40
Q

Humans can’t hear the sound of dog whistle. What part of the Signal Detection Theory does this show?

A

Miss

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41
Q

Fill in the blank

People with __________ __________ have an absence or dysfunction of one or more of the cone types and experience difficulty distingueing certain colours from one another such as green and red.

A

Color Blindness

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42
Q

True or False

Humans can survive if half their brain is removed.

A

True

43
Q

What is the brains ability to change and adapt rsponse to experience by reorganizing or growing new neural connections called?

A

Plasticity

44
Q

Fill in the blank

The cerebrum is divided into two __________ and connected by thin tissue called the _____________ _ ___________.

A

Hemisphere; Corpus Callosum

45
Q

Which lobe contributes to what makes us uniquely human?

A

Frontal Lobe

46
Q

What two parts of the body does the central nervous system contain?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

47
Q

Which system is activated during the rest and digest part of your day?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous system

48
Q

What does the Myelin Sheath do?

A

Increases speed,efficiency and accuracy of electrical signals within neurons.

49
Q

Define the job of a synapse.

A

Space between neurons where neurotransmitters such as serotonin,dopamine,GABA,glutamate and acetycholine cross, allowing neurons to communicate with one another.

50
Q

What is the definition of consciousness?

A

Aware experience of the world and mind

51
Q

What are the three levels of consciousness?

A
  1. Minimal
  2. Full
  3. Self
52
Q

What is daydreaming?

A

State of consciousness in which a flow of thoughts come to mind,creating partial or complete distraction from the present reality.

53
Q

What is an altered state of mind?

A

Any forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.

54
Q

What can lead to alter state of consciousness?

A

Sleeping,hypnosis, drug use and meditation

55
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

Naturally occuring 24 hour sleep and wake cycle.

56
Q

True or False

Extreme sleep loss can be fatal.

A

True

57
Q

What system operates mainly suring sleep to eliminate toxic waste products within the CNS?

A

Glymphatic System

58
Q

Define sleep debt.

A

The sleep you owe your body.

59
Q

Dream in which the dreamer is aware they are dreaming, may be able to exert some control over the dream. This call what type of dreams?

A

Lucid Dreams

60
Q

What are the 4 types of psychoactive drugs?

A
  1. Stimulants
  2. Depressants
  3. Opiates
  4. Psychedelics
61
Q

What do stimulant drugs do?

A

Speed up the CNS

Nicotine, Caffeine,Coke, Meth and Amphetamines

62
Q

What do depressant drugs do?

A

Drugs that slow activity in the CNS

Alcohol, Weed, Opiods

63
Q

What do opiates drugs do?

A

Derived from opium poppy that relieves pain and commonly produced euphoria.

Heroin,Opium, Morphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl ALL HIGHLY ADDICTIVE

64
Q

What do psychedelic drugs do?

A

Produce hallucinations,change thought processes or distrupt the normal perception of time and space

LSD, Magic mushrooms

65
Q

What does ecstacy (MDMA) do?

A

Increases empathy, insight, energy.

66
Q

What does nature refer to in psychology?

A

Heredity, biology and genetic make up.

67
Q

What does nuture refer to in psychology?

A

Environment and how they were raised.

68
Q

What is the current scientific view about Nature vs Nurture?

A

Both of them are important.

69
Q

Describe the famous Jim Twin study.

A
  • Jim Springer and Lewis
  • identical twins sepereated at 6 weeks old
  • married people names Linda (1st) 2nd named betty
  • Children and dogs with same names
  • Drove the same car
70
Q

What is epigentic?

A

Study of Nurture’s affect on Nature

71
Q

What are some environmental influences that ENHANCED mental ability?

A
  • Good health and nutrition
  • Mentally enrichment in home,childcare and school
  • Parental interaction,discussion and encouragement of mental processing.
72
Q

What are some environmental influences that REDUCED mental ability?

A
  • Poor prenatal care
  • Malnutrion
  • Exposure to toxins
  • Stressful family circumstances
73
Q

What is develpoment psych?

A

The study of how people CHANGE and grow OVER TIME, physically, mentally and socially.

74
Q

What is socialization?

A

Process by which children learn the rules and behavior expected of them by society.

75
Q

What is maturation?

A

The development of genectically influence behavior and physical characteristics

76
Q

Define Motor Reflexes.

A

Automatic behaviours that are necessary for survival.

77
Q
A
78
Q

How can baby tells apart primary care givers from strangers?

A

Sight, smell and sound

79
Q

What are life long attachment styles created by?

A

Mother-Child relationships.

80
Q

What does contact comfort mean?

A

Becoming attached because of the comfort and safety our mothers make us feel.

81
Q

What is Harry Harlows attachment study?

A

Two mother monkey (fake) one metal that fed the baby monkey and a cuddly monkey to see which one the mothers they prefer.

Contact comfort was preferred

82
Q

Define Sepertation anxiety.

A

Distress that most children develop. AT about 6-8 months when their primary caregivers temporaily leave them with strangers.

83
Q

What are the three types of attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Avoidant
  3. anxious/ambivalent
84
Q

Define Securely attachment.

A

Babies cry or protest if the parents leaves the room, but welcomes her back and play happily again when she returns.

85
Q

Define avoidant attachment.

A

Not caring if mom leaves the room makes little effort to seek contact when she returns.

86
Q

Define anxious attachment.

A

Very upset and crying loudly when mom leaves but resisting contact when she returns, doesnt stop crying

87
Q

What are some factors that increase insecure attachment?

A
  • Abandonment and deprivation in first 2 years of life
  • Abusive, neglectful,erratic parenting
  • Childs own genetically influenced
  • Stressful circumstances in childs family
88
Q

What age does sepreation anxiety peak?

A

One year old

89
Q

True or false

Attchement style last throughout entire lives.

A

True

90
Q

What did Jean Piaget believe?

A

Nature and Nuture are important in development

91
Q

What is Schema?

A

Idea or knowledge about how something works or how something is

92
Q

Define disequilibrium.

A

New experiences and new objects that a child encounters may create a state of imbalance, lack of understanding something new.

93
Q

What does assimilation mean?

Schema

A

New info that matches a current schema so it is just added to existing schema.

94
Q

What is accomodation?

Schema

A

Occurs when new info cannot be assimlated into existing schema, schema has to be changed or adapted.

95
Q

What does Jean Piaget identify 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
96
Q

Define Sensorimotor stage.

A
  • 0-2 years
  • Baby think if they cant see an object its gone
  • 4-8 months Object permanance (learning something exists even when it cannot be seen)
97
Q

Define Preoperational stage

A
  • 2-7 years
  • Symbolic thinking/development of langauge
  • Can’t graso the idea of conservation
  • Egocentric: Can only see things from their POV
98
Q

Define Concrete Operational Stage.

A
  • 7-12 years old
  • Thinking is based on real experience only
99
Q

Define Formal Operational Stage.

A
  • 12+ years old
  • Abstract and symbolic thinking because of the developement of more adavance language skills
  • Learn to figurative language
100
Q

What are the theories of the adolescent brain?

A

Old theory: teens have fully developed brains
New theory: Brains dont develop until 20s

101
Q

What stage of life so we being to exoerience many different transitions of life?

A

Adulthood

102
Q

What is refered to as the golden ages?

A

60+

103
Q

What is alzheimers?

A

affects hippocampus by deterioation and leads to rapid memory lose.

Psyc 1100 (3 decks)

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