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Poli Sci > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q

Power

A

Ability to achieve goals in a political system and to have others do as you wish them to.

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2
Q

Influence

A

Ability to change behaviour in others without exerting direct power over them.

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3
Q

Political Studies

A

Formal study of politics within and among nations.

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4
Q

Government

A

Institutions and people responsible for carrying out the affairs and administration of a political system.
338 MPs

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5
Q

Conflict

A

Differences in preferred outcomes among social groups.

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6
Q

Conflict Resolution

A

Process in domestic or international affairs that attempts to reconcile antagonism.
Mediation and negotiation.

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7
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Process of socialization is essential for the security of life itself.

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8
Q

Socialization

A

Individuals act in a social manner.
Creation of social and political authority and rules to regulate behaviour and permit operation of social units.

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9
Q

Public Goods

A

Resources that are present in a political system whose use by one individual should not affect use by others.
Should be provided by governments.

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10
Q

Liberal Democracy

A

Political system based on freedom and the principle that governance requires the assent of all citizens through participation.

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11
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Political system requiring absolute obedience to a constituted authority (e.g. North Korea).

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12
Q

The State

A

Only institution that holds access to the legitimate use of force within its territorial jurisdiction.

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13
Q

Modern State

A

Defined territorial boundaries, rule of law, sovereignty, legitimacy, bureaucracies, judicial systems, militaries.

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14
Q

Government

A

Part of the state apparatus.
Impermanent because elected governments come and go while the state remains intact.

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15
Q

Modern Western State

A

Appeared in Europe in the 1600s.
Defines territorial boundaries, rule of law, sovereignty legitimacy.
Everyone is equally subject to the rules of the states.
State’s capacity to collect/spend taxes gives it means to redistribute wealth and provide services.

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16
Q

Approaches

A

Political philosophy, Canadian politics, international relations/global politics, comparative politics.

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17
Q

Political Philosophy

A

Rooted in Aristotle and Plato, idea that humans are political animals by nature.

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18
Q

Canadian Politics

A

Focus on what is happening within Canada.
Parliament (Senate, 105, HOC, 338)
Federalism (National gov. in Ottawa, subnational gov. in provinces)

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19
Q

International Relations

A

Studies political/economic/legal developments on the global stage.
Realism, Liberalism, Global Marxism.

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20
Q

Comparative Politics

A

Comparing politics.

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21
Q

Analytical Approach

A

Political science as an empirical discipline rather than a science.

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22
Q

Behaviouralism

A

Concentrates on the ‘tangible’ aspects of political life rather than values.
Humans should be at the centre of political research.

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23
Q

Post-Behaviouralism

A

Attempt to reconcile the problems of behaviourism by allowing for values and ideology in its analysis.
Added personal views.

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24
Q

Structural-Functionalists

A

Focuses on the role of political structures and their function in society.

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25
Q

Systems Theory

A

Views politics as a system of interaction.
Politics is a dynamic process that flows.

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26
Q

Political Economy

A

Views politics and the economy as mutually dependent perceptions of the world.

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27
Q

Comparative Approach

A

Compares different systems of political authority.

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28
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

Accurate analysis must be inclusive of international, domestic, and individual arenas of interaction.

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29
Q

Globalization

A

Intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders.

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30
Q

Ethnic and Religious Conflict

A

War or opposition among different racial, linguistic, or religious groups.

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31
Q

Protectionism

A

Tendency of countries to safeguard their own economic sectors or industries.

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32
Q

Political Organization

A

How humans govern themselves into the body politic.

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33
Q

Body Politic

A

Entirety of a political community.

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34
Q

Order

A

Condition in which units and interaction within a political system are marked by stability within accepted and enforced rules.

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35
Q

Democracy

A

Rule of the people based on idea that governance requires assent of all citizens through participation in elections.

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36
Q

Monarchy

A

Form of government by a single ruler who hold nominally absolute power.

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37
Q

Tyranny

A

Government by a single ruler who often exercises arbitrary power for their benefit.

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38
Q

System

A

Group of individual entities or actors who interact with each other to form an integrated whole.

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39
Q

International System

A

System of two or more actors that interact regularly in the global arena.

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40
Q

Organizations

A

Structured relations existing within a political community.
Established to distribute the responsibilities and the privileges that arise from formal associations with others.

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41
Q

Institutions

A

Groupings that have developed to attend to a particular societal need.

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42
Q

State

A

Recognized political unit, considered to be sovereign, with a defined territory and people and a central government responsible for administration.

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43
Q

Sovereignty

A

Absolute control over a defined area.

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44
Q

Max Weber

A

States have monopoly over legitimate use of force.

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45
Q

War

A

Use of armed forces in conflict with an enemy.

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46
Q

Nation

A

Group of persons who share an identity that is based on shared ethnic, religious, cultural, or linguistic qualities.

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47
Q

Nation-State

A

Autonomous political unit of people who share a predominant common culture, language, ethnicity, or history.
Sovereign state.

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48
Q

Political Action

A

Assumes the ability to act and then will to do so.

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49
Q

Agency

A

Individual or group action in a social context.

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50
Q

Power

A

Ability to achieve goals in a political system and to have others do as you wish them to.
‘Principle concept’.

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51
Q

Three Faces of Power

A

Steven Lukes
1. Decision-making power (policy, legislation)
2. Non-decision-making power (set agenda and discuss issue)
3. Ideological power (influence people’s thoughts)

52
Q

Hard vs. Soft Power

A

Hard (tangible incentives and punishment)
Soft (ideas and influence)

53
Q

Influence

A

How actors get other to do their will.
Closely related to power.

54
Q

Authority

A

Power or right to force obedience.

55
Q

Traditional Authority

A

Passed down through generations.

56
Q

Rational-Legal Authority

A

Based on rules, norms, and accepted norms.

57
Q

Charismatic Authority

A

Special qualities of the individual.

58
Q

Leadership

A

Group of individuals who lead society.
Closely related to influence and authority.

59
Q

Legitimacy

A

What is lawful and conforms to the standards of a political system.

60
Q

Law

A

Rules imposed on a society by the governing authority.

61
Q

Legislation

A

Laws enacted by governing authority.

62
Q

Values

A

What an individual or community esteems as meaningful.
Dyck.

63
Q

Equality

A

Parity in a political system.

64
Q

Political Equality

A

Right to participate and be treated evenly.

65
Q

Social Equality

A

Statue given to all.

66
Q

Economic Equality

A

Distribution of benefits from the exchange of goods and services.

67
Q

Ancient Greek Equality

A

Looked at differences no equality of humans.
Plato, Aristotle, etc.

68
Q

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Equality

A

All are deserving of equal treatment (political equality).

69
Q

Adam Smith Equality

A

Equality through economic opportunity.

70
Q

John Rawls Equality

A

Everyone would choose equality over the uncertainty of the alternative.

71
Q

Social Order

A

Recognized social structure of power, responsibility, and liberty.

72
Q

Security

A

Freedom from danger or injury.
Related to order.

73
Q

Progress

A

Advancement in society towards a better and improved state of affairs.

74
Q

Justice

A

State of affairs involving the maintenance of what is right and fair within a society.

75
Q

Social Justice

A

Equitable distribution of goods and values in society.

76
Q

Economic Justice

A

The redistribution of economic resources from certain groups in society to others.

77
Q

Liberty

A

Freedom from despotic control.
Closely related to freedom.

78
Q

Negative Liberty

A

Areas of activity where governments do not interfere, where an individual is free to choose.

79
Q

Positive Liberty

A

Freedom to achieve one’s full potential where government does not get involved (e.g. economic redistribution).

80
Q

Welfare

A

Legislation or social action taken to provide citizens with physical, financial, health, or other assistance.

81
Q

Licence

A

Unlimited freedom to do as we please.

82
Q

Duties

A

Related to rights, responsibilities to protect rights.

83
Q

Rights

A

Liberties are closely related to rights of citizens.

84
Q

Civil Rights

A

Those enjoyed variously from one political system to another.

85
Q

Human Rights

A

Those that are considered inalienable.
Differing views on human rights in each political system.

86
Q

Community

A

Social, political, cultural, and economic ties that bind individuals to one another.

87
Q

Identity

A

A person’s understanding and expression of their individuality or group membership.

88
Q

Philosophy

A

Study of questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, justice, and morality based on logical reasoning.

89
Q

Political Philosophy

A

Investigation into the nature of politics.

90
Q

Utopian

A

Idealized place or system.

91
Q

Philosophical Inquiry

A

Done by posing answers to perennial questions.

92
Q

Adam Smith

A

Let the market decide.
Market will determine supply and demand, no gov. involvement in the economy (right).

93
Q

Karl Marx

A

Was opposed to capitalism (left).

94
Q

Classical Period

A

Early thought about the nature of politics.

95
Q

Medieval Philosophy

A

Life and religion (Christianity).
Humans are secondary.

96
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Introduced Aristotle to the Christian world.
Deductive method, start with hypothesis and move to observation to support hypothesis.

97
Q

Renaissance Thought

A

Secular approach to politics.

98
Q

Niccolò Machiavelli

A

Examined the nature of power and leadership over ‘political realism’.

99
Q

Modern Thought

A

Takes into account enlightenment and industrial thinkers.

100
Q

Ideology

A

Set or system of ideas that form the basis of a political or economic system.

101
Q

Left-Right Spectrum

A

Spectrum onto which specific ideologies are plotted.

102
Q

Ideological Left

A

Emphasis on values such as equality, justice, and rights.

103
Q

Ideological Right

A

Emphasis on values such as law and order, security, and stability.

104
Q

Ideological Centre

A

Exact location depends on political jurisdiction in question.

105
Q

What Makes Ideologies

A

Images result in attitudes which result in values which lead to beliefs which lead to ideology.

106
Q

Liberalism and Self-Determination

A

Early liberalism thought espoused self-determination.
Human individual is believed to be a rational, self-interested creature whose desires are of paramount importance.
Negative liberty.
Dominant Western tradition.

107
Q

New Liberalism

A

Emphasizes a positive liberty.
Freedom to pressure self-development.

108
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

General will (will of the community).
Particular will (will of the individual).

109
Q

Capitalism

A

Economic system where production and distribution of goods relies of private capital and investments.

110
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Reinvigoration of classical liberalism in the last decades of the 20th century.
Seek to shrink the size of government and expand the role of the private sector.

111
Q

Conservatism

A

Political ideology concerned with maintaining political and social traditions and customs.

112
Q

Edmund Burke

A

Changes wrought by French Revolution degraded human condition and endangered social stability.

113
Q

Representative Democracy

A

Political system in which voters elect others to act on their behalf (also called indirect).

114
Q

Social and Cultural Conservatism

A

Emphasis on preservation of traditional moral values (‘If it ain’t broke don’t fix it’).
Threatened by globalizing culture.

115
Q

Neoconservative Principles

A
  1. Patriotism and the immorality of dissent.
  2. Opposition to world government.
  3. Good vs. evil outlook on the world.
  4. Promotion of American goals through the use of force.
116
Q

Socialism

A

Ideology focused on human community and society, the group as a social organism more than on the individual.

117
Q

Key Socialist Principles

A

Generally optimist view of human nature, equality, community.

118
Q

Revolutionary Socialism

A

Only way for capitalism to be overthrown is through violent revolution.

119
Q

Evolutionary Socialism (Reformism)

A

‘Acceptable; face’ of socialism.
Evolved into the social democratic movement (NDP).

120
Q

Communism

A

Form of socialism that is based on Marx and Engels.
Espouses class conflict to form a system where all property is publicly owned.

121
Q

Nationalism

A

Seeks the separation of one nation from others (e.g. ‘Make America Great Again’).

122
Q

Feminism

A

A belief in the full equality of men and women and the insistence that all barriers to such equality be removed.

123
Q

Post-Colonialism

A

Critical theory that examines the legacy of colonial rule.

124
Q

Environmentalism

A

Belief that the destruction of the biosphere is imminent unless radical changes are made.

125
Q

Facism

A

20th century phenomenon that is an extreme form of nationalism accompanied by radical, social, and moral ideas.
Oppose liberalism, democracy, etc.
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitlet.

126
Q

Anarchism

A

Concerned with the primacy of the individual, in which outside interference into the people’s lives is minimized.

Poli Sci (3 decks)

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