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Poli Sci > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Power

A

Ability to achieve goals in a political system and to have others do as you wish.

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2
Q

Influence

A

Ability to change behaviour in others without-exerting direct power over them.

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3
Q

Political Studies

A

Formal study of politics within and among nations.

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4
Q

Government

A

Institutions and people responsible for affairs and administration of a political system.

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5
Q

Conflict

A

Differences in preferred outcomes among social groups.

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6
Q

Conflict Resolution

A

Process in domestic or international affairs that attempts to reconcile antagonism through the use of mediation and negotiation.

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7
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Process of socialization is essential for the security of life itself.
Nature of power and government to create stability.

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8
Q

Socialization

A

Process whereby individuals act in a social manner
Creation of social and political authority and rules to regulate behaviour and permit operation of social units

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9
Q

Decision-Making

A

Pattern of relations involving different levels of government in which determinations and judgements regarding the governance of the political system are made

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10
Q

Public Goods

A

Resources that are present in a political system whose use by one should not affect others

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11
Q

Liberal Democracies

A

Political system based on freedom and the principle that governance requires the assent of all citizens through participation

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12
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Political system requiring absolute obedience to a constituted authority.
E.g. North Korea

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13
Q

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

A

Non-profit group organized on a local, national, or international level.

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14
Q

State

A

Recognized political unit, considered to be sovereign, with a defined territory and people and a central government.
Only institution that holds access to legitimate use of force within its territory.

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15
Q

Government

A

Part of the state apparatus, albeit an impermanent one, because elected governments come and go.

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16
Q

Modern Western State

A

First appeared in Europe in the 1600s.
Defined territorial boundaries, rule of law, sovereignty, and legitimacy.

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17
Q

Approaches

A

Political philosophy, Canadian politics, International relations, Comparative politics.

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18
Q

Political Philosophy

A

Idea that humans are political animals by nature.

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19
Q

Canadian Politics

A

Focuses on Canada, Senate 105, House of Commons (338)

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20
Q

International Relations

A

Studies political/economic/legal developments on the global stage.

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21
Q

Comparative Politics

A

Comparing politics.

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22
Q

Analytical Approach

A

Views politics as an empirical discipline
Argues that politics cannot be broken down and must be seen comprehensively

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23
Q

Behaviouralism

A

Concentrates on the ‘tangible’ aspects of political life rather than values
Establish a disciple that was ‘scientific’ and objective

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24
Q

Post-Behaviouralism

A

Attempted to reconcile behaviouralism by allowing for values and ideology.

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25
Q

Systems Theory

A

Views politics as a system of interaction, binding political structures.
Politics is a dynamic process of info that flows.
Responses that encompass political institutions, groups, and individuals.

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25
Q

Structural-Functionalism

A

Focuses on the role of political structures and their functions in society.

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26
Q

Political Economy

A

Views politics and economic spheres as mutually dependent perceptions of the world.
Relationship between people, gov., and the economy.

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27
Q

Comparative Approach

A

Compares different systems of political authority.
Based on system type, time period, or form of leadership.

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28
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

Approach that suggests accurate analysis must be inclusive of international, domestic, and individual arenas of interaction.

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29
Q

International Politics

A

Study of foreign policy and relations on the international level (also called IR).

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30
Q

Globalization

A

Intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders.

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31
Q

Ethnic and Religious Conflict

A

War or opposition among different racial, linguistic, or religious groups.

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32
Q

Protectionism

A

Tendency of countries to safeguard their own economic sectors/industries through tariffs, quotas, or other forms of trade/investment legislation.

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33
Q

Citizenship

A

Status granted to people that comes with responsibilities and duties as well as rights.

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34
Q

Empirical

A

Analysis based not on concepts and theory, but rather on what can be observed or experimented upon.

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35
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s culture or group is superior to others or groups/cultures must be examined in relation to one’s own.

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36
Q

Influence

A

Ability to change behaviour in others without exerting direct power over them.

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37
Q

Most Different Systems

A

Method of comparative analysis that examines political systems that share no/few common features but have similar outcomes/phenomena.

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38
Q

Most Similar Systems

A

Method of comparative analysis that examines political systems that have common features.
An effort to identify different variables.

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39
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Peaceful coexistence of several racial, cultural, or ethnic identities in one nation.

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40
Q

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

A

Corporate bodies that operate in more than one country.

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41
Q

Social Sciences

A

Scientific study of human society and social relationships.

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42
Q

Subjective Reality

A

Perspective of reality that is influenced by our personal experience and bias.

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43
Q

Traditional Approach

A

Political method drawing heavily on law, philosophy, and history.
Relies on subjective evaluation of the observer (also called analytical approach).

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44
Q

Body Politic

A

Entirety of a political community.

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45
Q

Order

A

Both units and interaction within political system is marked by regularity and stability.
With the imposition of accepted and enforced rules, structures, and practices.

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46
Q

Democracy

A

System based on the principle that governance requires assent of all citizens.
Voting, articulation of views, direct or indirect representation.
Rule of the people.

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47
Q

Monarchy

A

Form of government by a single ruler who holds nominally absolute power.
E.g. The UK

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48
Q

Tyranny

A

Government by a single ruler who exercises arbitrary power for their own benefit.

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49
Q

System

A

Group of individual entities or actors that interact to form an integrated whole.

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50
Q

International System

A

Two or more actors that interact regularly in the global arena.
Use established processes in given issue areas.

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51
Q

Organizations

A

Relations existing within a political community.
Established to distribute responsibilities and privileges.

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52
Q

Institutions

A

Groupings that have developed to attend to particular societal needs.

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53
Q

Sovereignty

A

Recognition by other political authorities that a gov. is legitimate and rightful for a political community.
Absolute control over a defined area.

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54
Q

War

A

Use of armed forces in conflict with an enemy.

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55
Q

Political Action

A

Assumes the ability to act and the will to do so.

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56
Q

Agency

A

Individual or group action in a social context.

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57
Q

Hard Power

A

Tangible incentives and punishment.
E.g. a country demonstrating military might.

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58
Q

Soft Power

A

Ideas and influence.
E.g. leaders sitting down and discussing an issue.

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59
Q

Authority

A

Power or right to force obedience.

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60
Q

Traditional Authority

A

Passed down through generations.
E.g. Monarch as Head of a State

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61
Q

Rational-Legal Authority

A

Based on rules, norms, and accepted norms.
E.g. when a party gets elected in Canada it is accepted as legitimate.

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62
Q

Charismatic Authority

A

Special qualities of the individual.
E.g. Pierre Trudeau or Barack Obama

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63
Q

Leadership

A

Group of individuals that lead society.

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64
Q

Legitimacy

A

What is lawful, appropriate, proper, and conforms to the standards of a political system.

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65
Q

Laws

A

Rules imposed on society by the governing authority.

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66
Q

Legislation

A

Laws enacted by governing authority.

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67
Q

Values

A

Principles, standards.
What an individual or community esteems as meaningful.

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68
Q

Community

A

Social, political, cultural, and economic ties that bind individuals to one another.

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69
Q

Concept

A

General idea emerging from events or instances.

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70
Q

Duties

A

Related to rights.
Responsibilities to protect rights.

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71
Q

Economic Justice

A

Redistribution of economic resources from certain groups to others.

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72
Q

Equality

A

Parity in a political system.

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73
Q

Freedom

A

Ability to act without constraint.

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74
Q

Identity

A

A person’s understanding and expression of their individuality or group membership.

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75
Q

Justice

A

State of affairs involving the maintenance of what is right and fair in a society.

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76
Q

Liberty

A

Freedom from despotic control.

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77
Q

Licence

A

Unlimited freedom to do as one pleases.

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78
Q

Nation

A

Group of persons who share an identity based on but not limited to shared ethnic, religious, cultural, or linguistic qualities.

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79
Q

Nation-State

A

Autonomous political unit of people who share a common culture, language, ethnicity, or history.

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80
Q

Negative Liberty

A

Areas of activity in governments do not interfere and an individual is free to choose.

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81
Q

Policy

A

Laws or principles of performance adopted by government.

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82
Q

Positive Liberty

A

Freedom to achieve one’s full potential.

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83
Q

Progress

A

Advancement in society towards a better and improved state of affairs.
Integral element of liberal political theory.

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84
Q

Rights

A

Socially acceptable, morally correct, just and fair privileges granted to members of a political community.

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85
Q

Security

A

Freedom from danger or injury.

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86
Q

Separation of Powers

A

Divison of powers among several government institutions to avoid concentration of authority.

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87
Q

Social Justice

A

Equitable distribution of goods and values in society.

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88
Q

Social Order

A

Recognized structure of power, responsibility, and liberty.

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89
Q

Welfare

A

Legislation or social action taken to provide citizens with physical, financial, health, or other assistance.

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90
Q

Utopian

A

Idealized place or system.
Ideally perfect society, individual, or approach aspiring to impractical perfection.

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91
Q

Philosophy

A

Stufy of questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, justice, and morality.
Based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.
Philosophia, love of knowledge.

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92
Q

Adam Smith

A

Let the market decide.
Market will determine supply and demand, no gov. involvement in the economy.
Right view.

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93
Q

Karl Marx

A

Opposed to capitalism.
Proletariat was going to take over working class who would then rebel.
Left view.

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94
Q

Classical Period

A

Early thought about nature of politics and the role of government.

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95
Q

Medieval Philosophy

A

Life and religion.
Humans are secondary to the role of religion.

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96
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Introduced Aristotle’s philosophy and scientific approach to the Christian world.
Used the deductive method, hypothesis and then observation to support.

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97
Q

Niccolò Machiavelli

A

Renaissance thought.
Examined the nature of power and leadership over political realism.
Finding solutions to the most important political problems of his time.

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98
Q

Modern Thought

A

Takes into account enlightenment and industrial thinkers.

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99
Q

Ideology

A

Set or system of ideas that form the basis of a political or economic system.
Provide guidance and direction for political leadership.

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100
Q

Left-Right Spectrum

A

Specific ideologies are plotted.

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100
Q

Ideological Left

A

Emphasis on valued such as equality, justice, and rights.

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101
Q

Ideological Right

A

Emphasis on values such as law and order, security, and stability.

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102
Q

Ideological Centre

A

Exact location depends on the political jurisdiction in question.
E.g. Canada parties in centre tend to veer slighty right or left.

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103
Q

What Makes Ideologies

A

Images result in attitudes and then values which lead to beliefs which lead to ideologies.

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104
Q

Liberalism

A

View of politics that favours liberty, free trade, and moderate social and political change.

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105
Q

Self-Determination

A

Ability to act in free choice without external compulsion.

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106
Q

New Liberalism

A

Emphasizes positive liberty.

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107
Q

General and Particular Will

A

General: Will of the community.
Particular: Will of the individual.

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108
Q

Capitalism

A

Economic system in which production and distribution of goods relies on private capital and investment.

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109
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Reinvigoration of classical liberalism in the end of 20th century.
Emphasizing free markets, free movement of capital, free trade, and the efficient allocation of resources.

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110
Q

Conservatism

A

Concerned with maintaining political and social tradition and customs.
Emphasis on law and order, respect for authority, patriotism, and civic virtue.

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111
Q

Edmund Burke

A

Changes from French Revolution degraded human condition and endangered social stability.

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112
Q

Socialism

A

Ideology focused on human community and society, the group as a social organism.

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113
Q

Evolutionary Socialism

A

Evolved into the social democratic movement.
E.g. NDP

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114
Q

Communism

A

Theory that espouses conflict to form a system where all property is publicly owned, all citizens are compensated equally.
Marx and Engels.

115
Q

Nationalism

A

Separation of one nation from others.
Create and protect the political institutions to ensure propensity of nation, its values, traditions, and cultures.

116
Q

Feminism

A

Equal rights for women.
Evolved into ideology seeking to include women in all aspects of society.

117
Q

Post-Colonialsm

A

Examines legacy of colonial rule.

118
Q

Environmentalism

A

Emerged in the 1970s, focuses on sustainable development.

119
Q

Facism

A

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.
Extreme form of nationalism, accompanied by radical, social, and moral ideas.

120
Q

Anarchism

A

Outside interference into people’s lives is minimized.
Absence of gov. so opposite of hierarchy.

121
Q

Bourgeois

A

Property-owning class that exploits the working class (proletariat).
Marx.

122
Q

Caliphate

A

Government inspired by Islam that rules using Islamic law.

123
Q

Cold War

A

Period of non-violent hostility in 1945-1991.
Relationship between the US and the Soveit Union.

124
Q

Confucianism

A

Philosophy and political thought of Confucius.
Stresses social harmony, obedience, and morality.

125
Q

Dialects

A

Points where ideas and processes throughout history come up against each other and form a new reality.
Marxism.

126
Q

Invisible Hand

A

Adam Smith.
Notion that economic forces left alone would lead to maximize efficiency and economic growth.
Engage in compeition against each other.
No political interference.

127
Q

Islamic Fundamentalism

A

Religious movement advocating a return to ‘fundamentals’ of Islamic religious texts.

128
Q

Jihad

A

Moral struggle/for righteousness.
Form of holy war.

129
Q

LGBT Movement

A

Movement recognizing diversity in sexual and gender identities.

130
Q

Libertarianism

A

Ideology based on limited gov. role and freedom of speech, action, and thought,

131
Q

Materialist

A

Marxism, understanding the physical and economic basis for society.

132
Q

Political Realism

A

Approach to politics that emphasizes power and interests over ideas or social constructions.

133
Q

Propaganda

A

Spreading of information for the purpose of aiding a cause to make an audience react in a certain way.

134
Q

Republicanism

A

Political idea that gives supreme power to the people or elected reps of the people.

135
Q

Representative Democracy

A

Political system in which voters elect others to act on their behalf.
Also called indirect democracy.

136
Q

Sharia Law

A

Sacred law of Islam.

137
Q

Social Constructivism

A

Meta-theory that explains interactions between individual agents, their social groupings, and their environment.

138
Q

Suffrage

A

Granting of the right to vote.

139
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Model of economic growtht that seeks to use renewable resources to not destroy the environment.

140
Q

Toleration

A

Acceptance or protection of individuals, groups, and types of behaviour that may be disapproved of by the majority of society.

141
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Worth of a particular action is determined by its contribution to overall utility (balance of happiness and unhappiness in society.

142
Q

Fragile States

A

Gov. lack of authority over their territory and are unable to deliver services associated with governing.
Lack legitimacy.

143
Q

Night Watchman State

A

Minimization of state interference to maximize freedom.

144
Q

Economic Management

A

Govs. pass resources from one revenue source to other bodies without designating requirements for their use.

145
Q

Subsidies

A

Payments made by gov. to compensate businesses for inefficiencies and lack of competitiveness.

146
Q

Regulation

A

Rules of conduct imposed by gov. on individual and corporate citizens.

147
Q

Program Development and Administration

A

Govs. create and pursure initiatives on their own.

148
Q

Laissez-faire

A

“To let be”.
Economic theory that suggests reduction of political control will benefit the economic system.

149
Q

Keynesianism

A

John Maynard Keynes.
Economy dops so gov. should step in to boost economic strength.
Mix of private and public activity in the economy.

150
Q

Theocracy

A

Rule by a religious leader.
E.g. Iran, Vatican City.

151
Q

Aristocracy

A

Rule by a hierarchical elite.
E.g. Saudi Arabia.

152
Q

Despotism

A

Rule with absolute power and authority.
E.g. North Korea.

153
Q

Junta

A

Military gov., usually a dictatorship.
E.g. Myanmar

154
Q

Constitution

A

Basic law of a country upon which all other laws are based.
“Living documents” so tjey can be amended.

155
Q

Pluralism

A

Society in which several groups maintain interests.
Number of concerns and traditions persist.

156
Q

Authoritarianism

A

System requiring absolute obedience to a constitued authority.

157
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Authoritarian political system that controls social interaction.
Marked by gov. desire to force objectives and values on citizens.

158
Q

Balance of Power

A

Situation in international politics where states strive to achieve equal power.
Done to prevent any other country or coalition from dominating the system.

159
Q

Bicameral

A

Legislative or parliamentary body with two assemblies.

160
Q

Checks and Balances

A

System of inspection and evaluation of different levels and brances of gov. by others.

161
Q

Deregulation

A

Removal of gov. controls in an economic sector.

162
Q

Genocide

A

Deliberate and systematic killing of a group based on ethnicity, nationality, culture, or race.

163
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

Total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year.

164
Q

Insecurity

A

Threat of danger or injury.

165
Q

Member of Parliament (MP)

A

Representative of voters in a parliamentary system.

166
Q

Terrorism

A

Strategy of violence designed to bring political change by instilling fear in the public at large.

167
Q

Transitional Government

A

Move from authoritarianism to liberal democracy results in elements of both with a gradual change to democracy.

168
Q

Unicameral

A

Legislative or parliamentary body with one assembly.

169
Q

Parliamentary

A

Greater emphasis on representation and accountability.
Fusion of powers, executive, PM, and Cabinet.

169
Q

US Separation of Powers

A

Presidnetial system disallows anyone from holding office in more than one level of gov.
President cannot sit in Congress.
Congress can reject bills from President.

170
Q

Confederalism

A

Political system of dvided powers.
Added powers is given to non-central govs. and limited authroity and power is conferred to central gov.
E.g. EU.

171
Q

Unitary Systems

A

Unitray govs. have a single, central authroity that makes, interprets, and enforces laws.

172
Q

Devolution

A

Political system in which some authority is given to regional governments.

173
Q

Fusion of Powers

A

System where legislature and exectuive powers are combined.
Specific powers may be granted to each level.

174
Q

Federalism

A

Form of governance that divides powers between the central gov. and regional govs.
Particular roles and capactities are given to the regional govs.

175
Q

Canadian Federalism

A

1841, Upper and Lower united into Canada.
Confederation 1867 brought more in.
Powers in provinces meant central gov. in Ottawa would not have all authority.

176
Q

Constitution Act, 1867

A

British North America Act, created Canada and gave important powers to the provinces.

177
Q

Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG)

A

Clause in Canadian constitution that specifies that powers not given to the provinces are reserved for federal gov.

178
Q

Reservation

A

Lieutenant governor puts provincial legislation up for federal cabinet’s consideration.

179
Q

Disallowance

A

Provincial legislation is rejected or vetoes by federal cabinet.

180
Q

Conditional Grants

A

Funds given to provincial authorities from the federal gov.
Assigns controls and conditions on how the money may be spent.

181
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Division of government responsible for carrying out public policy.
Staffed by public employees.

182
Q

Caucus

A

Group of elected representative usually based on party membership.

183
Q

Civil Law

A

Legal system where legislative bodies enact laws through statutes, ordinances, and regulations.

184
Q

Common Law

A

Legal system where decisions are made on the basis of precedent, case law, or previous decisions.

185
Q

Constitutionality

A

Being in accordance with a consitution.

186
Q

Cronyism

A

Practice of choosing or preferring friends or associates for positions og authority.

187
Q

Electorate

A

People in a political system with the right to vote in elections.
Enfranchised citizens.

188
Q

Executive

A

Top level of government or the leader.
Maintains leadership and often refleects leadership and preoccupations of the dominant political party.

189
Q

Judicial Review

A

Power of a country’s courts to interpret its constitution.
Varyies from the ability to resolve disputes between levels of gov. to the ability of annual legislative and executive actions.

190
Q

Judiciary

A

Judicial level of governance.
Courts.

191
Q

Legislative

A

Referring to the body of a political system with the responsibilitty to make laws.
Known as legislature.

192
Q

Legitimation

A

Providing legitimacy or legal force or statues to political decisions.
In accordance with established or accepted patters and standards.

193
Q

Ministerial Responsibility

A

Requires members of the political executive to remain accountable to the legislature.

194
Q

Nepotism

A

Practice of choosing or preferring relatives, friends, or associates for positions of authority.

195
Q

Opposition

A

One or more parties that are not part of gov. but form a check on the ruling power of the elected party.

196
Q

Patriation

A

Term used to describe the transfer of constitution from the UK to Canada in 1982.

197
Q

Political Culture

A

Set of attitudes, beliefs, and values, that underpin any political system.

198
Q

Political Gridlock

A

Lack of political progess because of entrenched differing of opinions.

199
Q

Question Period

A

Time allotted in the HoC for members of the house to ask questions of the PM of cabinet minister.

200
Q

Representation

A

Act of standing for the views of others.
Election of a representative to symbolize the collective view of all constituents.

201
Q

Equalization Payments

A

Distributes wealth of all provinces to those that do not reach a certain level of funding.

202
Q

Federal-Provincial Fiscal Agreement and Established Funding Act of 1977 (EPF)

A

Block grants to finance efucation and health care.

203
Q

Fiscal Federalism

A

WW2, federal government established its dominance over provinces.
Did all tax collection and gave provinces money through conditional grants.

204
Q

Unconditional Grants

A

Payments from the federal gov. that may be spent by the provinces however they see fit.

205
Q

Provincial and Federal Interaction

A

Primary responsibility for organizing relations is assumed by the executive branches.
First Ministers’ Meetings have become highest-profile means of contact.

206
Q

Territorial and Federal Interaction

A

Closer to a unitary system.
Territories have no constitutionally designated jurisdiction and only get what is given by federal gov.

207
Q

Constitution Act, 1982

A

Quebec wouldn’t sign.
Seen as weakening the legitimacy of the federal gov.

208
Q

Meech Lake Accord, 1987

A

Proposed points to reform the constitution.
Never ratified due to nationwide campaign against it led by Pierre Trudeau.

209
Q

Charlottetown Accord, 1992

A

Would have established basis for Canadian identity while recognizing Quebec as separate.
Accord was defeated in a referndum.

210
Q

Direct Democracy

A

Citizens are directly involved in decision making.

211
Q

Indirect Democracy

A

Citizens elect a delegate to act on their behalf.
Also called representative democracy.

212
Q

Election

A

Form of choosing political reps where citizens cast their vote for preferred candidates.

213
Q

Ballots

A

Card used to cast a vote.
Kept in a designated ballot box and counted by elected official.

214
Q

Political Party

A

Organizaiton that seeks to gain and maitain political power.

215
Q

Independents

A

Electorate candidates who do not belong to a political party.

216
Q

Constituencies

A

Territorial or geographical localities represented by a politician chosen through elections.

217
Q

Enumeration

A

Process of determining the number of individuals eligible to vote in a constituency.

218
Q

Rotten Boroughs

A

Britain, area with small populations that were given equal standing to normal-sized constituencies.

219
Q

Pocket Boroughs

A

Britain, areas with small electorate were controlled by the local landowners.

220
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Grouping together or dividing groups of voters in order to maximize or reduce their power.
Done in US where boundaires are drawn by gov. officials.

221
Q

Voter Apathy

A

Condition where people do not vote or do not follow the election process as they beleive elections do not affect them and their vote doesn’t matter.

222
Q

Compulsory Voting

A

System in which citizens have a legal obligation to vote.
E.g. Australia, Brazil, Peru, and Turkey.

223
Q

Types of Electoral Systems

A

Simple plurality, two-round, proportional.

224
Q

Simple Plurality or First-Past-the-Post

A

Winner recieved most number of votes, not necessarily a majority.
Marginalizes smaller parties.

225
Q

Minority Government

A

Gov. by the party that recieved the most but not majority of votes.

226
Q

Two-Round System or Run-Off-System

A

Two or three candidates recieve the most votes in the first round pass to round two to determine winner.
Voters rank candidates.

227
Q

Proportional Representation (PR)

A

Seats are designated according to popular vote.
Used in countries to institue proportions between votes allotted for all parties.
Designed to make popular vote count.

228
Q

Party List

A

Voters in multi-member consitutencies choose from a list of candidiates.
Parties are rewarded with a % of seats in each consitutency.
% of votes = number of seats.

229
Q

Closed List

A

Voters express preference for the party.

230
Q

Open List

A

Voters indicate specific candidates.

231
Q

Single Transferable Vote

A

Voters cast ballot in multi-members constituencies, express ranked preferences for candidiates.
Subsequent choices may be transferred and counted if all seats are not filled in first count.
Seats are not ‘won’ until designated number of votes have been earned.

232
Q

Centralization

A

Concentration of power in a single body, usually the principal gov.

233
Q

Centralized Federalism

A

Process where federal government increases its power relative to the provinces.

234
Q

Concurrent Powers

A

Sharing of control between provincial and federal levels of gov.

235
Q

Co-operative Federalism

A

Cooperation and coordination of policy between the federal and provincial levels of gov.

236
Q

Decentralization

A

Power and authority is taken from the central gov. and conferred to non-central govs.

237
Q

Declaratory Power

A

Federal gov. power to take control of any local project if it decided it would be for the greater national good.

238
Q

Delegated Authority

A

Unitary system, the transfer of certain powers from the national gov. to sub-national authorities.

239
Q

European Union (EU)

A

Economic and political union of 27 European states.

240
Q

Executive Federalism

A

Conflictive relationship between the provinces and the federal government.
When provinces attempt to achieve greater autonomy from federal gov., which resists.

241
Q

Non-Excepted Matters

A

Powers that are held by the central government but may be transferred to a regional gov. at a later date.

242
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A

Canada, US, and Mexcio have opened their markets to each other.

243
Q

Sovereignty-Association

A

Arrangement by which a state or province gets independence from federal gov.
Retains strong links to the country, generally in the form of economic policy.

244
Q

Voter Turnout

A

Number of voters who attend the polls on Election Day.

245
Q

Additional Member System

A

Mix of simple plurality and proportional representation voting.
Voters cast a vote for a representative and a political party.

246
Q

Attack Ads

A

Negative and aggressive television and media advertising by one political party against another.

247
Q

Cadre Party

A

Parties that are created by a small elite group.
Tend to control much power in legislatures.

248
Q

Catch-All Party

A

Parties that cover a wide range of ideologies and beliefs.
Incorporating as many different society groups as possible.
Umbrella party.

249
Q

Competitive Party System

A

Electoral system found in liberal democracies.
Political parties are permitted to compete with one another for electoral support.

250
Q

Election Platforms

A

Positions of political parties or individuals regarding issues and political intentions.

251
Q

First-Past-the-Post

A

Electoral system where the winner receives the most, not necessarily a majority, of votes.

252
Q

Mass Party

A

Party organized in society at large rather than within gov.
Has public influence through power of membership not a small minority elite.

253
Q

Militia Party

A

Part systems with a centralized leadership system.
Often led by martial leaders, found in one party systems.

254
Q

Multi-Party Systems

A

Competitive party system with more than two parties.

255
Q

One-Party System

A

One political party is allowed to from the government, or compete in elections.

256
Q

Patronage

A

Awarding a key gov. position to favoured and loyal supporters.

257
Q

Recruitment Function

A

Political parties’ efforts to help bring new voters into the political process.

258
Q

Two-Party System

A

Competitive party systems marked by two competiting parties.

259
Q

Political Parties

A

Organized groups that place members as candidates for election.
Goal of governing the political system.

260
Q

Canada’s Political Parties

A

Recognized if they hold a certian number of seats.
Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP.
Block runs in Quebec.

261
Q

Liberal Party

A

Has governed Canada most often.
Locates itself at the ideological centrem favouring social liberal policies.

262
Q

Conservative Party of Canada

A

Formed officially in 2003.
Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party.
Fiscal responsibilty, low taxes, free trade, being tough on crime, etc.
Andrew Scheer.

263
Q

New Democratic Party (NDP)

A

Formed in 1961 when Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labour Congress.
Never formed gov. at federal level.
Jagmeet Singh as of 2017.

264
Q

Function of Political Parties

A

Recruit, create a link between gov. and the people, method for arranging and categorizing interests, central organizers in political systems.

265
Q

Whip/Chief Whip

A

Works to guarantee that all members vote according to the preferences of the party.

266
Q

How Political Parties Function

A

Highly organized, professionally run organization.
Full-time staff, extended databases, and widespread networks.

267
Q

Election Campaigns

A

Every country has unique laws about setting elections and rules to surround.
Play a central role in election campahins and determining policy positions.
Negative tactics to win support.

268
Q

Referendum

A

Voters are asked to express their opinions on a particular policy in an official vote.
Results determine if the policy is adopted.
E.g. Switzerland, citizens are asked to vote on issues regularly.

269
Q

Plebiscite

A

People are asked to vote but it does not determine the adoption of policy.

270
Q

Elections and Parties in Canada

A

Voting and candidacy age is 18.
Maximum period of 5 years between federal elections.
Limit for individual contributions and Canada Elections Act provides subsidies for 10% candidates.
Referendum has been used but rarely on the federal election.

271
Q

Categories of Political Culture

A

Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba (1960s)
Parochial, subject political, participant political.

272
Q

Parochial

A

Citizens feel removed and have little influence.

273
Q

Subject Political

A

Citizens are subjected to the decisions of a central gov. without much consultation.
Citizens may be informed but they do not play an active role on a regular basis.

274
Q

Participant Political

A

Citizens play an active role in the political process, influencing outcomes on a daily basis.
Engage in a constant dynamic relationship with political authorities.

275
Q

Anomic Interest Group

A

Ad-hoc interest groups that do not have a standard organized composition.
Formed to dela with short-term issues.

275
Q

Associational Interest Group

A

Interest groups closely related to particular political objectives.

276
Q

Corporatism

A

Approach to governance that entails close cooperation and coordination among government, business, and labour.
Expectation that such activity will bring more stability to the political economy.

277
Q

Editorial Line

A

Particula perspective on world events offered by news outlets.

278
Q

Fourth Estate

A

Media.
Other estates are the clergy, nobles, and commoners.

279
Q

Interest Groups

A

Groups in a political system that seek to either alter or maintain the approach of gov.
Do not take a formal role in elections or seek an official capacity in gov.

280
Q

Lobbying

A

Method that business/interest groups apply to direct pressure to the executive, legislative, and bureaucractic branches of gov.

281
Q

Non-Associational Interst Group

A

Interest groups not closely related/connected with particular political objectives.

282
Q

Opinion Poll

A

Investigation of public opinion conducted by interviewing a sample of citizens.

283
Q

Policy Community

A

Collection of actors who have a direct or indirect interest in an issue.

284
Q

Political Action Committees (PACs)

A

Conglomerations of several interest groups with the purpose of influencing the decisiong-making process more effectively.

285
Q

Pressure Group

A

Groups in a political system that seek to alter or maintain the approach of gov. without taking a formal role.
Elections or seeking an official capacity in gov.

Poli Sci (3 decks)

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