Mid term 1 Flashcards
4 points of debate
1) Research around medication treatment is more systematic and standardized than psychotherapy outcomes
2) Medications act quickly to reduce most severe symptoms so the person is better able to engage in therapy
3) Medications only target physical symptoms, whereas therapy treats the person as a whole
4) Therapy aims toward personal growth and autonomy, whereas medications likely foster dependency
3 general theories of the etiology of mental illness
1) Supernatural
2) Somatogenic
3) Psychogenic
Supernatural
Possession by evil or demonic spirits (“cursed”), displeasure of
gods (i.e., “smite”), eclipses, planetary gravitation (i.e., “mercury in
retrograde”), and sin.
Somatogenic
Physical conditions involving genetic inheritance (i.e., “gene
mutation”), brain damage, or chemical imbalance.
Psychogenic
Resulting from traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive
learned associations, or distorted perceptions.
Trephination
Surgical procedure involving
drilling a hole into the skull to let out the
evil.
Bloodletting
Treatment by which leeches or a physician remove blood to balance out the humors
CNS (Central nervous system)
Brain and Spinal
PNS (Peripheral nervous system)
Everything but Spin and Brain
What does the spinal cord do
Transmits information from
sensory nerves to the brain and carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles. The spinal cord acts as a relay system to the brain and forms the shape of a butterfly. Axons from sensory nerves enter the gray
matter of the spinal cord from the dorsal side. Motor axons then leave the spinal cord from
the ventral side.
What do Dorsal Horns contain
Contains cell bodies that convey sensory information
What do Ventral Horns contain
Contains cells bodies of motoneurons that directly control the action of muscles
Layers of Brian
- scalp
-skull
-periosteal dura mater - Meningeal dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space
- Pia mater
- Cerebral cortex
Dura Matter
Outermost layer which is also the toughest
What is the Arachnoid mater
Membrane with a weblike sublayer (subarachnoid space) filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is Pia mater
A thin layer that sits directly on the nervous tissue
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary muscles with spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
Automatic Nervous System
Controls function of organs and
glands with autonomic nerves and
some cranial nerves.
Sympathetic Division
Dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion; “fight or flight system”. In times of perceived stress, the sympathetic system takes over to prepare the body for a sudden expenditure of energy.
Parasympathetic Division
Dominates when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use; “rest and digest system”. Once the perceived stress has passed, control of the body’s organs and glands return to the
parasympathetic system to restore a relaxed and balanced state.
Two primary types of cells
Neurons: nerve cells
Glial cells: Supporting cells
What are tissues in the body composed of
cells
Neurons
Analyze and transmit information
throughout the body. Responsible for receiving sensory information, integrating and storing information, and controlling the action of muscles and glands.
Glial Cells
Supporting structural role that
facilitates communication between cells and provides metabolic support, protection, and insulation. “Gluing” neurons in place and
protecting neurons from microorganisms, supplying nutrients removing waste, and destroying dead neurons.
Sensory Neurons
Sensitive to environmental stimuli and convert physical stimuli into electric signals
What do Interneurons do
Nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord form complex interacting neural circuits and are responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making and cognition
Motor Neurons
Direct a biobehavioral response appropriate to the situation
Soma: Cell body
Largest part of the cell contains structures vital to the cell’s life process + nucleus
Nucleus
Contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material. Chromosomes (long DNA strands) with distinct segments (genes) that produce specific proteins. Protein = chain of simple building-block molecules (amino acids) Amino acids play an important role in cell communication, growth,
repair, biochemical reactions, immune system functions, etc
what do Dendrites do?
Receive and conduct information to the cell body from other
neurons
Axon Hillock & Axon
Axons send and transmit electrical messages away from the cell body to communicate to other neurons (action potential)
Where are Synapses are located
- Between terminal button and dendrites (axodendritic synapse)
- Between terminal button and cell bodies (axosomatic synapses)
- Near another neuron’s axon or terminal button (axoaxonic synapse)
What is Neurogenesis
The birth of new neurons
what is the control center
Medulla Oblongata
What is the bridge
Pons
What is the sensorimotor center
The brain’s extensive motor system is in charge of monitoring and regulating motor movements and balance. Voluntary actions are planned and initiated by parts of the cortex and basal ganglia and sent to the cerebellum, where they are integrated, coordinated, and refined into fluid movements. Receives sensory information from the cortex (visual, auditory, somatosensory, vestibular) and spinal cord (movement of muscles). Sends signals back to the motor cortex through the Thalamus to fine-tune motor movements (feedback loop).
Reticular Formation
Collection of nuclei that influence arousal, attention, sleep, and muscle tone.
Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
Pain sensation and defensive behavior. Carries pain signals from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
to the cortex. Stimulation of the PAG acts like an analgesic due to
numerous receptor sites for
opioid drugs. Important site for morphine
binding.
Substantia Nigra
Highly interconnected with basal
ganglia (forebrain) and produces
the neurotransmitter dopamine.
* Through its axonal pathway it
releases dopamine in the dorsal
striatum.
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Instrumental in the release of
dopamine and vital component
to brain’s “reward center”.
What makes the motor loop
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Cortex
Motor Cortex
Involves the pyramidal motor system which connects the motor cortex to muscles
Parts of the Limbic System
- Thalamus (relays info)
- Hypothalamus (homeostasis)
- Amygdala (emotion)
- Hippocampus (memory conversion)
What does the Hippocampus do
Learning and memory (recent
events, declarative memory, such
as names, dates, facts and spatial
memory)
What does the Amygdala do
Processing emotions (especially
negative emotions). Formation of emotional memory. Behavioral reactivity
What does the Thalamus do
Relay center for transmitting
information from sensory
organs to areas of the cerebral
cortex where it can be further
processed. Non-sensory information from the cerebellum to the cortex (i.e., motor movements). Communicates with reticular
formation to regulate arousal
and excitability of the cortex.
What does the Hypothalamus do
Primary recipient of information
flowing from the limbic system. Instrumental for maintaining
homeostasis through various pathways.
* Body temperature, blood pressure,glucose/sodium levels.
* Metabolism.
* Hormonal balance.
* When balance needs restoring, the hypothalamus sends information to the medulla (controls the ANS) and acts as a link between the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland.
What are the parts of a neuron
Soma, Nucleus, Dendrites, Axon, Terminal Button
What are proteins used for
- Production of receptors
- Enzymes that regulate intracellular biochemical processes
- Growth factors and structural elements of the cell
Axodendritic
Axon to dendrite
Axosomatic
Axon to cell body
Axoaxonic
Axon to Axon
Neuromuscular hunction
Axon to muscle
What is the ventral tegmental area a part of
The brain’s “reward circuit” and
when linked to the nucleus accumbens (“pleasure
pathway”) it has been implicated in drug addiction.
Neurobiology
The scientific study of anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous
system.
Neuroscience
Incorporates information from neurobiology to understand the
functionality of the brain and its effects on personality, emotions, and behaviors.
Pharmacology
The scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on a living
organism.
Neuropharmacology
Concerned with drug-induced changes in the functioning of
cells in the nervous system.
Psychopharmacology
Concerned with drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and
behaviour.
Neuropsychopharmacology
Identifies chemical substances that act on the nervous
system to alter behaviour.
4 chemical messengers
- Neurotransmitter
- Neuropeptide
- Neuromodulator
- Neurohormone
What 4 major systems in the brain are formed by dopaminergic neurons?
- Tuberoinfundibular Pathway:
Neurohormone - Nigrostriatal Pathway: Motor
coordination - Mesocortical Pathway: VTA to
cortex - Mesolimbic System: VTA to limbic
system
Epinephrine
More active in the peripheral nervous system than in the central nervous system. It is secreted by the adrenal glands and helps regulate our fight-or-flight response.
What is Norepinephrine involved in
-Sleep-wake cycles
Attention
Alertness
Feeding behaviours
Fight or flight response
What is Serotonin involved in
- Mood regulation
- Appetite
- Circadian rhythm
- Pain perception
What is Acetylcholine involved in
- Memory & Learning
- Arousal
- Attention
- Motivation
- Mood
- REM sleep
- Stimulates skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, dilation
of blood vessels, slows heart rate, increase body
secretions.
4 drug actions
- Direct Agonist
- Indirect Agonist
- Inverse Agonist
- Direct Antagonist
Describe Direct Agonist
The drug binds to
and activates a
receptor, mimicking
the effects of a
neurotransmitter
Describe Indirect Agonist
The drug binds to
and activates a
receptor but does
not mimic the
neurotransmitter
Describe Inverse Agonist
The drug binds to a
receptor but instead
of mimicking it
produces the
opposite effect of
that neurotransmitter
Describe Direct Antagonist
The drug binds to
the receptor but
does not activate,
instead it blocks the
neurotransmitter
from binding and
exerting its effect.
Effective Dose
Median effective dose
Dose that produces 50% of the
maximal effect
Lethal Dose
Median lethal dose
Dose that produces death in 50% of
a sample.
Sometimes called “Toxic Dose” TD50
What is drug efficacy
The ability to elicit a response regardless of dosage
What is Drug Potency
Amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect
What is Antagonism
One drug diminishes the effect of another drug
What is additive effect
Adding a new drug produces greater effect than anticipated from the drug taken alone
Super additive effect
When combining drugs, the overall effect is greater than the two drugs combined individual effects, separately
What is the enteral route
Drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tracts of the digestive system
What is the Parenteral route
Drugs absorbed through other means then the GI tract
4 types of injectable administration
- Intradermal
- Intravenous
- Subcutaneous
- Intramuscular
