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EPHE 441 > Mid: Choosing your Fuel > Flashcards

Mid: Choosing your Fuel Flashcards

1
Q

what is the key to understand during exercise metabolism

A

demands for energy VS

supply of energy

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2
Q

what are the main 3 things that affect energy demand ?

A
  1. how MUCH energy is needed
  2. at what INTENSITY is the muscle working at
  3. how LONG has that muscle been working at that intensity (duration)
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3
Q

explain the plateau seen shortly following an increase in resistance

A

we are meeting the demands by increasing oxygen consumption and then we maintain that level until demands get turned up again

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4
Q

what are 2 factors that contribute to telling us the intensity of work and how much to turn up metabolism?

A
  • the bi products form producing more ATP start to accumulate
  • the # of muscle fibers being recruited
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5
Q

what 2 things tell us about energy supply?

A
  1. what FUELS are available?

2. Can the metabolic process SUPPLY ATP at a high enough RATE?

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6
Q

We will only rely on and use the energy we have in storage IF??

A
  • we are working at an intensity great enough to trigger that consumption
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7
Q

what energy systems are at work during the O2 defecit?

A

aerobic AND anaerobic

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8
Q

name all 6 systems that are contributing to energy metabolism

A
  1. glandular secretion
  2. nerve transmission
  3. muscle action
  4. digestion
  5. tissue synthesis
  6. circulation
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9
Q
  • where does the citric acid cycle occur?

- where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

A
  • mito

- cytosol

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10
Q

what are our CHO molecules and where are they stored

A
  1. blood glucose

2. muscle glycogen

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11
Q

what are our fat molecules and where are they stored

A
  1. plasma FFA (from adipose tissue lipolysis)

2. intramuscular triglycerides

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12
Q

protein only contributes about how much to exercise?

A

5-15% in late prolonged exercise

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13
Q

describe the cycle that blood lactate goes through to be used at fuel

A

CORI CYCLE:
lactate goes to liver and converts back to glucose or glycogen to be used as fuel again
(it also goes tot he heart as a fuel source)

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14
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the ATP-PC pathway

A

RLE: creatine kinase
STIM: ADP
INH: ATP

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15
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for glycolysis pathway

A

RLE: PFK
STIM: AMP, ADP, Pi, increased Ph
INH: ATP, CP, citrate, decreased PH

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16
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the Krebs cycle

A

RLE: isocitrate dehydrogenase
STIM: AD, CA+, NAD
INH: ATP, NADH

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17
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the ECT

A

RLE: cytochrome oxidase
STIM: ADP, PI
INH: ATP

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18
Q

what does a small increase in Ph do? (even though increasing Ph levels are actually an inhibitor metabolism)

A

a small increase actually is better for the working muscle (you have to see a big change for it to start inhibiting)

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19
Q

what is the goal of the 3 pathways?

A

rephosphorylate ATP

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20
Q

what plays the most important role in fuel selection?

A

the inhibitors and stimulators

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21
Q

how can muscle glycogen stores be improved?

A

through exercise and nutrition

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22
Q

how are blood glucose levels maintained?

blood glucose levels are essential for what?

A

by using other glycogen stores (other than the muscle).

  • increase in epi stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose
  • -> essential for brain function
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23
Q

definition of power

A

the RATE at which an energy system can produce ATP

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24
Q

definition of capacity

A

the TOTAL amount of ATP that an energy system can produce

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25
how much C does one triglyceride give us? | how much C does 1 glucose give us?
trigylceride: 16 C for ATP production glucose: 6 C for ATP production
26
what is the importance of lactate and where does accumulating lactate go?
with lactate, pyruvate will start to accumulate and the whole system will get backed up, pyruvate can donate and E- to make pyruvate - lactate will diffuse into the blood and go to the heart or liver
27
the hydrogen and electron carrier molecules transport hydrogen and associated electrons to where to aerobic and anerobic processes?
aerobic: to mito for ATP production anaerobic: to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid
28
NAD and FAD are?
hydrogen and electron carrier molecules
29
explain where glycolysis becomes aerobic
glycolysis becomes aerobic when the krebs cycle and glycolysis gives electrons to the ETP that need to be donated to oxygen for the ETC to work or the system will get backed up
30
pyruvate to lactate is a ? reaction and lactate to pyruvate is?
- reduction (gains to hydrogens) | - oxidation (loses 2 oxygens)
31
explain the importance of coenzymes (NAD)
NAD gets reduced to NADH to drive the system of glycolysis, if this cant happen we have to slow down to oxidize them
32
what is the lactate shuttle
lactic acid formed in skeletal muscle is shuttled to via blood stream to the liver to be converted back to pyruvate to then be used in glycolysis to make glucose to be then shuttled via the blood stream back to the skeletal muscle for energy
33
list 4 factors affecting fuel choice
1. INTENSITY of exercise (how fast do we need ATP) 2. MOBILIZATION and OXIDATION rate of each fuel 3. AVAILABILITY of local (intramuscular) fuels (duration of exercise) 4. HORMONE levels
34
what is the most important factor affecting fuel choice
Intensity of exercise
35
what will affect availability of fuels
diet and hydration and duration (the longer you exercise the lower your local fuels will get)
36
do you have choice on fuel if you are only recruiting fast twitch fibers?
NO
37
after steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through reliance on ? but we still use what?
rely on aerobic ATP production but we still use some CHO
38
explain the phrase "fast burns in a carbohydrate flame"
in order to use anything as fuel we first need to burn CHO to be provides with the substrates for krebs (always have to burn a little CHO, never 0%)
39
glycogen is depleted when? and this leaves us with reduced what?
- prolonged high-intensity exercise - reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate - reduced krebs cycle intermediates - reduced fat oxidation
40
fats are metabolized by?
krebs cycle
41
What are some differences between trained muscles and untrained muscle that relate to by trained muscle reaches a steady state faster? (5)
- Greater capillary density - -> Deliver oxygenated blood faster - Greater mitochondria volume - -> more opportunity for oxidative phosphorylation - More mitochondrial enzymes and faster form of them - lower HR but greater stroke volume - More stored myoglobin so more stored oxygen (immediately available for the ETC)
42
the breakdown of glucose
glycolysis
43
the formation of glycogen from glucose
glucogenesis
44
the metabolic breakdown of glycogen
glycogenolysis
45
the synthesis of glucose form small simple molecules..used to control blood glucose levels especially when it is low
gluconeogenesis
46
what acts as a control for glycogenolysis? | what activates that?
phosphorylase | - activated by calmodulin and epinephrine
47
calmodulin and epinephrine act in what mechanism?
the it inside the cell in an unactive form until we exercise and then they become active. they create a cascade of events (second messengers)
48
describe the fate of calmodulin
sits in the cell unactively, is then stimulated by increase Ca++ in the cytosol, it then activates phosphorylase which results in increased production of pyruvate which increases ATP
49
describe the effect of cyclic AMP
second messenger that tells inactive cells to activate: stimulates protein kinase to be active resulting in increased cellular response
50
epinephrine can also be stimulated by?
cyclic AMP
51
what are 2 main triggers to flick on the switch to trigger inactive enzymes to be active
cyclic AMP and Ca++
52
explain the "cross over" effect | - what is the cross over effect due to?
as we increase intensity we shift fuel contribution more to CHO's then from fats but we havn't stopped using fats we just see greater contribution from CHO. - increased recruitment of fast twitch fibers (glycolytic) - increasing blood levels of epinephrine
53
why is low intensity not the best way to lose fat when we are using majority fat as fuel ?
even though fats contribute more to energy at lower intensity, our total work and the amount of calories we burn is way higher at high intensities and burning more ATP
54
low intensity (<30%) primary fuel
fats
55
high intensity exercise (>70%) primary fuel
CHO
56
what does EPI do for us during exercise?
- stimulates glycolysis and all process of glycogen metabolism - dilates airways to get better gas exchange at the lungs - increases HR, stroke volume and blood flow
57
as we increase exercise intensity what is happening to increase our ventilation that has to do with H+ ions?
- we accomodate for the increase in acids (accumulation of H+ ions) - we combine H= with bicarbonate to form water and CO2 and then expire CO2
58
at ventilatory threshold RER will be?
over 1.0 (closer to VO2 max)
59
during prolonged exercise there is shift in fuel metabolism from ? to?
form CHO toward fat
60
during prolonged exercise as we shift toward fat metabolism we have an increased rate of ? - which does what?
lipolysis | - breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids
61
lipolysis is stimulated by?
increased blood levels of epinephrine
62
what does the shift from CHo to fats allows us to do during long duration ?
protect our glycogen stores in muscle and blood glucose and use more trigylerides
63
during exercise, what is responsible for blood glucose regulation
epinephrine
64
what stimulated increase HR?
spike in catelcholamines (epi and norepi) | = increased cardiac output and increased blood flow to muscles

EPHE 441 (7 decks)

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