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EPHE 441 > Mid: Choosing your Fuel > Flashcards

Mid: Choosing your Fuel Flashcards

1
Q

what is the key to understand during exercise metabolism

A

demands for energy VS

supply of energy

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2
Q

what are the main 3 things that affect energy demand ?

A
  1. how MUCH energy is needed
  2. at what INTENSITY is the muscle working at
  3. how LONG has that muscle been working at that intensity (duration)
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3
Q

explain the plateau seen shortly following an increase in resistance

A

we are meeting the demands by increasing oxygen consumption and then we maintain that level until demands get turned up again

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4
Q

what are 2 factors that contribute to telling us the intensity of work and how much to turn up metabolism?

A
  • the bi products form producing more ATP start to accumulate
  • the # of muscle fibers being recruited
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5
Q

what 2 things tell us about energy supply?

A
  1. what FUELS are available?

2. Can the metabolic process SUPPLY ATP at a high enough RATE?

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6
Q

We will only rely on and use the energy we have in storage IF??

A
  • we are working at an intensity great enough to trigger that consumption
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7
Q

what energy systems are at work during the O2 defecit?

A

aerobic AND anaerobic

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8
Q

name all 6 systems that are contributing to energy metabolism

A
  1. glandular secretion
  2. nerve transmission
  3. muscle action
  4. digestion
  5. tissue synthesis
  6. circulation
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9
Q
  • where does the citric acid cycle occur?

- where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

A
  • mito

- cytosol

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10
Q

what are our CHO molecules and where are they stored

A
  1. blood glucose

2. muscle glycogen

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11
Q

what are our fat molecules and where are they stored

A
  1. plasma FFA (from adipose tissue lipolysis)

2. intramuscular triglycerides

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12
Q

protein only contributes about how much to exercise?

A

5-15% in late prolonged exercise

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13
Q

describe the cycle that blood lactate goes through to be used at fuel

A

CORI CYCLE:
lactate goes to liver and converts back to glucose or glycogen to be used as fuel again
(it also goes tot he heart as a fuel source)

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14
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the ATP-PC pathway

A

RLE: creatine kinase
STIM: ADP
INH: ATP

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15
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for glycolysis pathway

A

RLE: PFK
STIM: AMP, ADP, Pi, increased Ph
INH: ATP, CP, citrate, decreased PH

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16
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the Krebs cycle

A

RLE: isocitrate dehydrogenase
STIM: AD, CA+, NAD
INH: ATP, NADH

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17
Q

RLE, stimulators and inhibitors for the ECT

A

RLE: cytochrome oxidase
STIM: ADP, PI
INH: ATP

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18
Q

what does a small increase in Ph do? (even though increasing Ph levels are actually an inhibitor metabolism)

A

a small increase actually is better for the working muscle (you have to see a big change for it to start inhibiting)

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19
Q

what is the goal of the 3 pathways?

A

rephosphorylate ATP

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20
Q

what plays the most important role in fuel selection?

A

the inhibitors and stimulators

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21
Q

how can muscle glycogen stores be improved?

A

through exercise and nutrition

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22
Q

how are blood glucose levels maintained?

blood glucose levels are essential for what?

A

by using other glycogen stores (other than the muscle).

  • increase in epi stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose
  • -> essential for brain function
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23
Q

definition of power

A

the RATE at which an energy system can produce ATP

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24
Q

definition of capacity

A

the TOTAL amount of ATP that an energy system can produce

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25
Q

how much C does one triglyceride give us?

how much C does 1 glucose give us?

A

trigylceride: 16 C for ATP production
glucose: 6 C for ATP production

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26
Q

what is the importance of lactate and where does accumulating lactate go?

A

with lactate, pyruvate will start to accumulate and the whole system will get backed up, pyruvate can donate and E- to make pyruvate
- lactate will diffuse into the blood and go to the heart or liver

27
Q

the hydrogen and electron carrier molecules transport hydrogen and associated electrons to where to aerobic and anerobic processes?

A

aerobic: to mito for ATP production
anaerobic: to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid

28
Q

NAD and FAD are?

A

hydrogen and electron carrier molecules

29
Q

explain where glycolysis becomes aerobic

A

glycolysis becomes aerobic when the krebs cycle and glycolysis gives electrons to the ETP that need to be donated to oxygen for the ETC to work or the system will get backed up

30
Q

pyruvate to lactate is a ? reaction and lactate to pyruvate is?

A
  • reduction (gains to hydrogens)

- oxidation (loses 2 oxygens)

31
Q

explain the importance of coenzymes (NAD)

A

NAD gets reduced to NADH to drive the system of glycolysis, if this cant happen we have to slow down to oxidize them

32
Q

what is the lactate shuttle

A

lactic acid formed in skeletal muscle is shuttled to via blood stream to the liver to be converted back to pyruvate to then be used in glycolysis to make glucose to be then shuttled via the blood stream back to the skeletal muscle for energy

33
Q

list 4 factors affecting fuel choice

A
  1. INTENSITY of exercise (how fast do we need ATP)
  2. MOBILIZATION and OXIDATION rate of each fuel
  3. AVAILABILITY of local (intramuscular) fuels (duration of exercise)
  4. HORMONE levels
34
Q

what is the most important factor affecting fuel choice

A

Intensity of exercise

35
Q

what will affect availability of fuels

A

diet and hydration and duration (the longer you exercise the lower your local fuels will get)

36
Q

do you have choice on fuel if you are only recruiting fast twitch fibers?

A

NO

37
Q

after steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through reliance on ? but we still use what?

A

rely on aerobic ATP production but we still use some CHO

38
Q

explain the phrase “fast burns in a carbohydrate flame”

A

in order to use anything as fuel we first need to burn CHO to be provides with the substrates for krebs (always have to burn a little CHO, never 0%)

39
Q

glycogen is depleted when? and this leaves us with reduced what?

A
  • prolonged high-intensity exercise
  • reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate
  • reduced krebs cycle intermediates
  • reduced fat oxidation
40
Q

fats are metabolized by?

A

krebs cycle

41
Q

What are some differences between trained muscles and untrained muscle that relate to by trained muscle reaches a steady state faster? (5)

A
  • Greater capillary density
  • -> Deliver oxygenated blood faster
  • Greater mitochondria volume
  • -> more opportunity for oxidative phosphorylation
  • More mitochondrial enzymes and faster form of them
  • lower HR but greater stroke volume
  • More stored myoglobin so more stored oxygen (immediately available for the ETC)
42
Q

the breakdown of glucose

A

glycolysis

43
Q

the formation of glycogen from glucose

A

glucogenesis

44
Q

the metabolic breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

45
Q

the synthesis of glucose form small simple molecules..used to control blood glucose levels especially when it is low

A

gluconeogenesis

46
Q

what acts as a control for glycogenolysis?

what activates that?

A

phosphorylase

- activated by calmodulin and epinephrine

47
Q

calmodulin and epinephrine act in what mechanism?

A

the it inside the cell in an unactive form until we exercise and then they become active. they create a cascade of events (second messengers)

48
Q

describe the fate of calmodulin

A

sits in the cell unactively, is then stimulated by increase Ca++ in the cytosol, it then activates phosphorylase which results in increased production of pyruvate which increases ATP

49
Q

describe the effect of cyclic AMP

A

second messenger that tells inactive cells to activate: stimulates protein kinase to be active resulting in increased cellular response

50
Q

epinephrine can also be stimulated by?

A

cyclic AMP

51
Q

what are 2 main triggers to flick on the switch to trigger inactive enzymes to be active

A

cyclic AMP and Ca++

52
Q

explain the “cross over” effect

- what is the cross over effect due to?

A

as we increase intensity we shift fuel contribution more to CHO’s then from fats but we havn’t stopped using fats we just see greater contribution from CHO.

  • increased recruitment of fast twitch fibers (glycolytic)
  • increasing blood levels of epinephrine
53
Q

why is low intensity not the best way to lose fat when we are using majority fat as fuel ?

A

even though fats contribute more to energy at lower intensity, our total work and the amount of calories we burn is way higher at high intensities and burning more ATP

54
Q

low intensity (<30%) primary fuel

A

fats

55
Q

high intensity exercise (>70%) primary fuel

A

CHO

56
Q

what does EPI do for us during exercise?

A
  • stimulates glycolysis and all process of glycogen metabolism
  • dilates airways to get better gas exchange at the lungs
  • increases HR, stroke volume and blood flow
57
Q

as we increase exercise intensity what is happening to increase our ventilation that has to do with H+ ions?

A
  • we accomodate for the increase in acids (accumulation of H+ ions)
  • we combine H= with bicarbonate to form water and CO2 and then expire CO2
58
Q

at ventilatory threshold RER will be?

A

over 1.0 (closer to VO2 max)

59
Q

during prolonged exercise there is shift in fuel metabolism from ? to?

A

form CHO toward fat

60
Q

during prolonged exercise as we shift toward fat metabolism we have an increased rate of ?
- which does what?

A

lipolysis

- breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids

61
Q

lipolysis is stimulated by?

A

increased blood levels of epinephrine

62
Q

what does the shift from CHo to fats allows us to do during long duration ?

A

protect our glycogen stores in muscle and blood glucose and use more trigylerides

63
Q

during exercise, what is responsible for blood glucose regulation

A

epinephrine

64
Q

what stimulated increase HR?

A

spike in catelcholamines (epi and norepi)

= increased cardiac output and increased blood flow to muscles

EPHE 441 (7 decks)

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