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EPHE 441 > Autonomic Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Autonomic Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 things does the ANS influence

A

smooth muscle, glands, and the heart

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2
Q

what does the ANS regulate

A
  1. organs to maintain homeostasis
  2. stress response
  3. reproduction
  4. thermoregulation
  5. enteric system
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3
Q

sympathetic pathways come out of what region in the spinal cord

A
  • thoracic and lumbar region

T1- L2

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4
Q

in the sympathetic NS the preganglionic neuron releases ____ and the post ganglionic neuron releases____

A
  • ACh

- nor epi, epi and a trace of DA

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5
Q

in the parasympathetic NS, _________ receptors for _____ are at the post ganglionic neuron and release___ at the target organ

A
  • nicotinic cholinergic receptor

- ACh

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6
Q

the preganglionic neuron is longer in ?

A

parasympathetic division

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7
Q

what are the 2 main NT

A

ACh and norepi

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8
Q

each NT may ? (2)

–> the response depends on?

A
  1. stimulate activity in some tissues
  2. inhibit activity in some tissues
    - -> specialization of the tissue (effector organ) cells: (can have many different types of receptors)
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9
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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10
Q

what happens at the nicotinic receptor? and where is it found?

A
  • binding of nicotine mimics action of Ach

- neuromuscular junction, postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic

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11
Q

what are muscarinic receptors activated by?

  • where are they found
  • how many subtypes?
A
  • activated by mushroom poison, muscarine
  • found on the effector cell membranes (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle glands) (only parasympathetic junction b/w post ganglionic neuron and organ it innervates)
  • 5
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12
Q

what do adrenergic receptors bind?
what are the 2 subclasses?
where are these receptors found?

A
  • epi and norepi
  • alpha and beta
  • only on target organ
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13
Q

what are the 5 subclasses of adrenergic receptors

A
  • alpha 1
  • alpha 2
  • beta 1
  • beta 2
  • beta 3
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14
Q
  • what organs have alpha 1 receptors?
  • what does this have a greater affinity for?
  • what does it activate or inhibit
  • excitatory or inhibitory effect?
A
  • most vascular smooth muscle, pupils
  • norepi
  • activates IP3
  • excitatory
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15
Q
  • what organs have alpha 2 receptors?
  • what does this have a greater affinity for?
  • what does it activate
  • excitatory or inhibitory effect?
A
  • CNS, platelets, adrenergic nerve terminals (autoreceptors, some vascular smooth muscle, adipose tissue
  • norepi
  • inhibits cAMP
  • excitatory
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16
Q
  • what organs have beta 1 receptors?
  • what does this have a greater affinity for?
  • what does it activate
  • excitatory or inhibitory effect?
A
  • CNS. cardiac muscle, kidney
  • same for epi and norepi
  • activates cAMP
  • excitatory
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17
Q
  • what organs have beta 2 receptors?
  • what does this have a greater affinity for?
  • what does it activate
  • excitatory or inhibitory effect?
A
  • some blood vessels, respiratory tract, uterus
  • epi
  • activates cAMP
  • inhibitory
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18
Q
  • what organs have beta 3 receptors?
  • what does this have a greater affinity for?
  • what does it activate
  • excitatory or inhibitory effect?
A
  • adipose tissue
  • same for norepi and epi
  • activates cAMP
  • excitatory
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19
Q

what adrenergic receptors do we have very few of?

A

beta 3

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20
Q

this adrenergic receptor will cause vasodilation to smooth muscles and constriction to other organs during exercise

A

alpha 1

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21
Q

what is the advantage of dual innervation

A

when we have an increase in parasympathetic activity it is usually paired with a decrease in sympathetic and vice versa
‘an antagonistic system’

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22
Q

3 exceptions to dual innervation

A
  1. innervated blood vessels: only sympathetic (the only blood vessels with dual innervation are those supplying the penis and clitoris where parasympathetic causes vasodilation)
  2. sweat glands: parasympathetic only
  3. salivary glands: innervated by both systems but both systems stimulate salivary secretions
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23
Q

a unique endocrine component of the sympathetic system - a modified sympathetic ganglion

A

the adrenal medulla

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24
Q

the adrenal medulla doesnt give rise to ?

- stimulation of the preganglionic fibers causes the release of hormones in to the blood? (what ones and what %?)

A
  • postganglionic fibers
  • 20% norepi
  • 80% epi
  • trace of Dopamine
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25
Q

whenever we have a sympathetic response we also have a ______ response to help _____ the response

A
  • endocrine

- amplify

26
Q

4 functions of the parasympathetic activity

A
  1. quiet relaxed state
  2. active in rest and digest or breed and feed
  3. increases GI tract activities
  4. decreases HR and BP
27
Q

6 functions of the sympathetic activity

A
  1. fight or flight
  2. prepares fro emergency, stress, exercise
  3. increase HR and BP
  4. mobilizes energy stores
  5. dilates pupils
  6. decreases GI tract and urinary functions
28
Q

tonic activity at rest (both branches active)

- at rest though what system dominates

A

parasympathetic

we ride the break

29
Q

what gives us a tool for measurement of the health of the autonomic system
- looks at the interplay between SNS and PNS

A

heart rate variability

30
Q

does HRV cause states? disease etc

A

NO

- but long term dominance of sympathetic division is associated with problems

31
Q

HRV, ore than HR or BP may be more indicative of ?

A

high stress situations

32
Q

low HRV has been associated with ? (6)

A
  1. asthma
    2, diabetic neuropathy (body is in a stressed state= imbalance b/s PNS and SNS)
  2. congestive heart failure
  3. concussion (body trying to stay in homeostasis)
  4. sudden cardiac death
  5. predictive of death after heart attack (independent of other risk factors) –> increased risk of cardiac disease
33
Q

differences in HRV but not ____ were found in surgeons performing new procedure compared to a well practiced one

A

HR

34
Q

factors influencing HRV

A
  • sex (males and post menopausal women)
  • age HRV is lower in the old and very young (may be masked by fitness and sex)
  • medical condition
  • levels of fitness: high cholesterol, high fitness = low HRV
35
Q

what does the time domain measure?

A
  • simple measure of HRV
  • measure NN intervals of instantaneous HR
  • usually over long periods of time (24hours)
36
Q

what does the frequency domain measure?

A

provides info on how power (variance) distributes as a function of freq

  • can use short term recordings
  • most often FFT (simple algorithm) to determine HF, LF and VLF
  • can be measured in absolute values (m2) or normalized units

–> looking at what is the variance in HR we see over
frequency
–> snap shot of what is happening

37
Q

not fully understood but it it thought to be affected by temperature regulation and humeral system

A

VLF (ms^2)

38
Q

what is HF?
what is LF?
–> units

A
  • parasympathetic activity of the ANS and respiratory rhythm
  • sensitive to parasympathetic nerve activity
  • -> n.u (normalized units)
39
Q

what is LF/HF

A

reflects the balance which exist between the 2 systems

40
Q

how do you calculate LF and HF powers in normalized units

A

LF/ (TP-VLF)

HF/ (TP-VLF)

41
Q

what is the LF/HF ratio in healthy adults

  • what ratio is associated with predominated vagal tone
  • what ratio is indicator of dominating sympathetic activity
A
  • between 1.5-2.0 or 1.5 +/1 2
  • < 1.5
  • > 2
42
Q

greater HRV is caused by an _____ in LF and a _____ in HF

A
  • rise
  • decrease
  • -> this doesnt seem right to me
43
Q

the ____ domain is under parasympathetic regulation from the ______ activity and represents heart beat oscillations that occur due to _______ _______

A
  • HF
  • vagal
  • respiratory frequency
44
Q

the ___ domain is under joint control from the sympathetic and parasympathetic regulations, with sympathetic control dominating during time of _____

A
  • LF

- stress

45
Q

what does displaying the LF and HF components in n.u do?

A

highlights the control and balance behaviour of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

46
Q

what is the normal value for total power

A

3466+/- 1018

47
Q

what is total power a sum of

A

VLF + HF + LF

48
Q

what is the normal value for LF

A

54+/- 4

49
Q

what is the normal value for HF

A

29 +/- 3

50
Q

what happens to HRV during exercise and why ?

A

it reduces because we have increased sympathetic dominance

51
Q

when did have fire fighters have a decrease in HRV?

- what may contributed to this?

A
  • up to 4-5 hours following night time call
  • on the first 2 nights off following a night shift
  • -> decrease due to heat stress
  • -> decrease by psychological stress
52
Q

ppl with DS had _______ dominance during and after exercise

A

sympathetic

53
Q

he elevated LF in ppl with DS is indicative of?

A

sympathetic dominance throughout all testing conditions

54
Q

in ppl with DS, LF did not return to pre exercise values during the recovery phase of the test, 3 reasons why?

A
  1. PNS is not appropriately acting on the SA node
  2. some from of autonomic dysfunction is occurring
  3. autonomic dysfunction is due to abnormality in the frontal lobe of brain
55
Q

the LF/HF ratio was much higher than the normal population (in ppl with DS) what does this suggest?

A

even at rest they have sympathetic dominance –> increased risk of associated disease states

56
Q

what do concussions result in ? (4)

A
  • altered heart rate variability
  • decreased baroreflex sensitivity
  • decreased cellular metabolism
  • decreased cerebral blood flow
57
Q

post concussion there is disruption in neuroautonomic cardiovascular regulation, which is?

A

the coupling of the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system
(aka uncoupling happens)

58
Q

do caffeine and sugar impact HRV ?

A

not sugar but caffiene causes increased sympathetic drive

59
Q

what do spinal cord lesions have to do with HRV

A

depending on the height of the lesion there could be greater susceptibility to certain things
–> sympathetic innervation comes out of the thoracic region

60
Q

can HRV be used to prescribe training ?

A

yes

61
Q

how would aerobic training influence HRV?

A

idk (see last slide study)

EPHE 441 (7 decks)

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