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EPHE 441 > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways to maintain plasma glucose

A
  1. mobilize glucose form the liver
  2. mobilize FFA from adipose tissue
  3. gluconeogenesis at the liver
  4. block glucose entry into some cells
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2
Q

during exercise the body tries to protect (2)

A
  1. muscle glycogen

2. blood glucose

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3
Q

does skeletal muscle share its glycogen stores with the rest of the body if the body is in great great need?

A

NO.

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4
Q

glucose moves via _____ diffusion across the cell, this means? Glucose is also ____ driven

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • -> has carrier proteins
  • gradient (only moves DOWN a gradient)
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5
Q

what are the 2 glucose transporters? which one is primary?

A
  • GLUT 1

- GLUT 4 (primary)

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6
Q

GLUT 4 glucose transporter has insulin- responsive transporters in ? (3)

A
  1. skeletal muscle fibers
  2. cardiac muscle fibers
  3. adipose cells
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7
Q

how does muscle act as an endocrine organ?

A

it produces cytokines via contraction of skeletal muscle (myokines).
- IL-6 which helps modify the inflammatory response and activates muscle, liver, adipose, and blood vessels to help maintain blood glucose

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8
Q

what effect does IL-6 have at the muscle?

A

increases glucose uptake and fat oxidation

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9
Q

what effect does IL-6 have at the liver?

A

increases hepatic glucose production through gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis

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10
Q

what effect does IL-6 have at the adipose tissue?

A

increases lipolysis

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11
Q

what effect does IL-6 have in blood vessels?

A

growth and proliferation (increase in cappilarization)

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12
Q

explain the pathway of insulins formation of glycogen

A

insulin binds to receptor–> phosphorylation of internal protein subunits –> activates signal cascade–> activates glycogen synthase–> glycogen (stored in cell)

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13
Q

what step is essential for insulin to create to glycogen and why ?

A

activation of glycogen synthase (enzyme) because it creates the GRADIENT

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14
Q

what is the problem of insulin creating glycogen

A

it is happening EVERYWHERE not just in the muscle so we need to stop this during exercise or else or else it will take up so much glucose that we will run out of blood glucose very quickly

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15
Q

the pancreas regulates glucose into all tissues except what?

A

the brain

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16
Q

glucose that is not catabolized is destined to become? (2)

A
  1. glycogen

2. triglycerides

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17
Q

is it better to store calories as triglycerides or CHO? and why

A

triglycerides because they take up less space = smaller

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18
Q

with high blood sugar, ____ stimulates what?

with low blood sugar, _____ stimulates what?

A
  • insulin, glycogen formation to lower blood sugar and stimulates glucose uptake from blood to lower blood sugar
  • glucagon, glycogen breakdown to increase blood sugar
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19
Q

insulin and glucagon are secreted from?

A

the pancreas

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20
Q

can muscle release glucagon like the pancreas can?

A

NO

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21
Q

increased insulin secretion causes most tissues results in? (4)

A
  1. increased glucose uptake (except brain, liver, exercising muscle)
  2. increased amino acids uptake
  3. increased protein synthesis
  4. decreased protein breakdown
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22
Q

increased insulin secretion causes adipose tissue results in (2)

A
  1. increase FA and triglycerol synthesis

2. decrease lypolysis

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23
Q

increased insulin secretion causes liver and muscle to? (2)

A
  1. increase glycogen synthesis

2. decrease glycogenolysis

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24
Q

increased insulin secretion cause the liver to (2)

A
  1. increased FA and triacylglycerol synthesis

2. decreased glycogenolysis

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25
Q

as insulin goes up during exercise what do we stop?

A

the beta cells in the pancreas from releasing insulin

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26
Q

what is the main glucose receptor in skeletal muscles

A

GLUT 4

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27
Q

insulin regulates blood glucose by promoting uptake of glucose by cells
- 3 characteristics

A
  1. activates GLUT transporter molecules
  2. various GLUT isoforms result in different kinetics
  3. GLUT-4 most predominant in skeletal muscles
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28
Q

insulin also promotes?

A

lipogenesis in adipose tissue

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29
Q

insulin levels decrease during exercise.

  • Favors ___ out of the liver
  • -allows for greater?
  • Active muscles may take up glucose without?
A
  • favors glucose out of the liver
  • greater mobilization of FFA
  • without assistance form insulin
30
Q

during exercise do we effect the receptors inside the cell? why?

A

NO. we don’t effect the receptors inside the cells because we still them during exercise so we instead favour glucose going out of the liver to allow muscles to still take up glucose but other cells will not

31
Q

what 5 hormones are involved in mobilizing fuels for working muscle? what 2 are “highlighted”

A

glucagon and epinephrine are highlighted

- also growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol

32
Q

glucagon is secreted by?

A

alpha cells of the pancreas

33
Q

glucagon promotes?

A

glycogenolysis in the liver gluconeogenesis in the liver

–> release glucose into the blood

34
Q

what plays a big role in the sympathoadrenal response during exercise?

A

exercise intensity!

35
Q

what is the sympathoadrenal response

A

spike in epi and norepi during exercise!

36
Q

at what percent vo2 max do we see spike in norepi ? what % do you we see a spike in epi?

A
  • norepi= 50%
  • epi= 75% (above threshold)
    (relative to the individual)
37
Q

during exercise, we just need _____ receptors for glucose transport not ____

A
  • GLUT4

- insulin

38
Q

exercise results in ___ translocation INDEPENDENT of insulin

A

GLUT 4

39
Q

what are the 3 possible signals for GLUT4 Translocation during exercise

A
  1. calcium
  2. AMP/AMPK
  3. NO
40
Q

the 3 signals for GLUT4 activation during exercise are activated by what?

A

muscle contraction

41
Q

what calcium in the muscle cell do during contraction?

A
  • enhances actin myosin cross bridge and cascading event s
42
Q

What are factors affecting the SUPPLY of glucose during exercise, ultimately affecting glucose uptake

A
  1. capillary perfusion

2. blood glucose concentration

43
Q

what are factors affecting the TRANSPORT of glucose and thus the uptake of glucose during exercise

A
  1. Surface membrane GLUT abundance
  2. Glucose gradient
  3. GLUT activity
44
Q

what are factors affecting the METABOLISM of glucose and thus the uptake of glucose during exercise

A
  1. hexokinase activity

2. substrate flux

45
Q

acute glucose uptake by muscles is influenced by ?

A

intensity and duration

greater with both

46
Q

what does exercise training do to influence glucose uptake

–> how does it get affected by muscle fiber type

A

it influences the available pathways for bringing glucose into the cell
- shift to slow twitch fibers which have more GLUT 4 (greater concentration)

47
Q

what do ppl with type 2 diabetes have to do before exercising?

A

they have to reduce the amount of insulin they take because there would be a massive increase in glucose uptake so blood glucose levels would drop
(during exercise insulin receptors are NOT blocked, just insulin release is, SO you still have insulin increasing glucose uptake)

48
Q

can you get increased glucose uptake with resistance training and aerobic training?

A

YES both

49
Q

what are normal blood glucose levels

A

< 7

50
Q

what are 3 hormonal changes during exercise that = improved glucose uptake to support work?

A
  1. enhance fuel availability for muscles
  2. improve glucose transport to muscles
  3. increased sensitivity of insulin receptors
51
Q

liver _____ and muscles ____ in regards to glucose

–> if this is stable then we have stable blood glucose

A

liver PROVIDES and muscles UTILIZES

52
Q

what stimulates the thyroid gland?

A

TSH

53
Q

what 3 things does the thyroid gland secrete?

A
  1. T3 - triiodothyronine (more active in resting state)
  2. T4 - thyroxine
  3. Calcitonin
54
Q

T3 and T4 are known as ?

A

thyroid hormones

55
Q

both T3 and T4 have ______ effects on cellular metabolism. particularly on ______

A

Permissive, Epinephrine

56
Q

does the calcitonin play a role in blood glucose regulation?

A

NO

57
Q

what 3 things do thyroid hormones enhance? and it also increases what?

A
  1. cellular uptake of glucose
  2. glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
  3. mobilaization and oxidation of FA
    - -> increases protein synthesis
58
Q

how do thyroid hormones increase protein synthesis

A

by increase intracellular enzymes , size and # of mitochondria

59
Q

cortisol acts ______ to maintain plasma glucose

A

permissively (glucagon and GH)

–> not sure whats with the glucagon and GH

60
Q

with what 3 mechanisms does cortisol maintain plasma glucose

A
  1. blunts insulins effect
  2. mobilizes FFA
  3. Promotes protein breakdown –> gluconeogenesis
61
Q

heavy exercise does what to cortisol levels?

A

increases them slightly

62
Q

moderate exercise does what to cortisol levels

A

no change

63
Q

prolonged exercise to exhaustion does what to cortisol levels?

A

increase them

64
Q

give an example of how duration influences fuel availability via endocrine control

A

prolonged exercise to exhaustion increases cortisol levels (stress!)

65
Q

when will there be the greatest spike in cortisol levels and testosterone levels? (before exercise , right after, or 1 hr recovery)

A

right after *see graph in slides

66
Q

growth hormone promotes growth of what tissues?

A

ALL tissues

67
Q

what 3 things does growth hormone do to enhance the growth of all tissues ?

A
  1. tissue uptake of amino acids = protein synthesis
  2. induces gluconeogenesis
  3. increase lipolysis
68
Q

what causes growth hormone release?

A
  • EIGR
    (exercise induced growth hormone response)
    –> caused by neural input, lactate and possibly NO
69
Q

during exercise what happens to GH levels?

A

they increase!

70
Q

what 4 things does GH do during exercise?

A
  1. Supports the role of CORTISOL
  2. Blunts the effects of INSULIN
  3. Enhances Gluconeogenesis (aids in maintaining blood glucose)
  4. Increases FFA mobilization
71
Q

what are the 4 ways to maintain plasma glucose?

A
  1. mobilize glucose from the liver
  2. mobilize FFA from adipose tissue
  3. gluconeogenesis at liver
  4. block glucose entry into some cells

EPHE 441 (7 decks)

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