MID 3-BIO FINAL REVIEW

Question 1

Predict how muscle contraction would change given changes in motorneuron stimulation

Answer 1

The inputs given to motorneurons will affec the muscle contraction depending if the stimili cause a Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) that can be spacial or temporal and will cause a consistent contraction. An Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) will cease muscle contraction.

Question 2

Explain the steps in muscle contraction and the sliding filament model

Question 3

Predict how synapses or the NMJ can be affected by drugs

Question 4

Compare and contrast excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials

Question 5

Describe ways that neurons can change their synaptic connections (plasticity)

Question 6

Describe how temporal and spatial summation can lead to action potential generation

Question 7

Explain how neurons propagate signals through synapses due to depolarization, the influx of calcium, and the release of neurotransmitters

Question 8

Explain how action potentials are generated and propagated by voltage-gated ion channels and the role of the refractory period

Question 9

Explain how the sodium/potassium pump and potassium leak channels contribute to resting membrane potential

Question 10

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of neurons and glia

Question 11

Compare and contrast the CNS and the PNS

Question 12

Predict how epigenetic modifications (acetylation and methylation) can affect cellular and organismal function

Question 13

Explain how transcription factors bind to specific control elements to turn on or off transcription

Question 14

Explain how spliceosomes remove introns and exons from RNA.

Question 15

Explain how alternative splicing yields many proteins from a single gene

Question 16

Explain how microRNAs stop translation of mRNAs

Question 17

Explain how mRNA half life can be regulated

Question 18

Explain how unwanted proteins are degraded by proteasomes

Question 19

Explain common confusions about genes vs alleles and phenotype vs genotype.

Question 20

Describe how one gene can be epistatic to another

Question 21

Demonstrate how one gene can affect multiple traits via pleiotropy

Question 22

Describe polygenic inheritance

Question 23

Compare and contrast incomplete dominance, codominance and simple dominance

Question 24

Describe how X-linked traits will be visible in a pedigree

Question 25

Define the laws of segregation and independent assortment

Question 26

Explain why all recombination frequencies are lower than 50%, and draw a simple cartoon while you explain.

Question 27

Explain how cell division, cellular differentiation, and morphogenesis contribute to development

Question 28

Discuss the establishment of asymmetry in early development: the cell biology of bicoid localization, asymmetric cell divisions, induction by an adjacent organizer like the dorsal lip or the notochord

Question 29

Explain how a cell becomes “determined” and differentiated

Question 30

Explain how transcription factors and enhancers contribute to organ-specific gene expression patterns

Question 31

Define the terms “cytoplasmic determinant,” “maternal effect gene,” and “inductive signal”

Question 32

Describe how a wide variety of B cells exists

Question 33

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are made

Question 34

Compare and contrast a humoral antibody response compared to a monoclonal antibody treatment