MID 2-FINAL REVIEW

Question 1

Define endergonic and exergonic reactions

Question 2

Recognize the structure of ATP and be able to explain why it is high-energy. Be able to draw a rough sketch of the molecule

Question 3

Explain how hydrolysis and dehydration reactions are endergonic or exergonic

Question 4

Describe mechanisms that might reduce the activity of an enzyme

Question 5

Explain why respiration is an oxidation reaction and photosynthesis is a reduction reaction

Question 6

Compare and contrast respiration and photosynthesis

Question 7

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion

Question 8

List the location and products of glycolysis

Answer 8

Glycolisis takes place in the cytoplams. It involves taking Glucose and oxidizing it into 2 pyruvates. 2 ATP and 2 NADH will be produced.

Question 9

List the location and products of the citric acid cycle

Answer 9

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria matrix. In involves taking 2 Acetyl CoAs and oxidizinging into electron carriers 6 NADH AND 2FADH2. This will produce 2 ATP.

Question 10

Describe the location of the electron transport chain

Answer 10

The electron transport chain takes place in the intermembrane of the mitochondria matrix. It is a crucial element of oxidative phosphorylation. The electrons from 6NADH and 2FADH will go through proteins embedded in the membrane, reducing free energy and pumping H+ out into the intermembrane space. The last electrons will be picked up by Oxygen which will form H2O. The H+ will be pumped back into the matrix through ATP Synthase; the energy realesed will be used to put ADP and a phosphate together to form 26-28 ATPs.

Question 11

Describe where the majority of ATP is produced in respiration

Answer 11

The majority if ATP in cellular respiration comes from Oxidative Phosphorylation, generating 26-28 ATP. Glycolisis (cytoplasm) will produce 2 ATP and the Citric Acid Cycle (matrix) will produce 2 ATP

Question 12

Describe the purpose and steps of fermentation

Answer 12

Fermantation is alterantive mechanism for the prodution of ATP. In fermantation 2 ATP molecules are made through the break down of other biological molecules like lipids and proteins. In lactic acid fermentation, we are taking glucose and NAD+ (which are also present in regular glycolisis) and producing the same products (NADH, 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP) but the pyruvates will oxidized (remove electrons/ denetraulize it) from NADH and covert it into NAD+ again. This will alllow glycolysis to keep producing two ATP.

Question 13

Describe which molecules in respiration have high energy electrons

Answer 13

In cellular respitation, 2FADH AND 6NADH have high energy electrons.

Question 14

Describe what areas of the cell are at low pH as part of respiration, and what purpose this serves

Answer 14

In cellular respiration, in the mitochondria, the intermembrane will be saturated with H+, this will make the pH to be lower than in the matric where there will be less H+ concetration. The gradient allow the production of ATP (H+ from intermembrane space are pumped back into the matric through ATP Synthase–assemble ADP + Phosphate= ATP).

Question 15

Compare substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

Answer 15

Subtrate-level phosphorylation is more direct yet more inneficient than chemiosmosis. In substrate-level, a phosphate group is directly added to ADP and this occurs during glycolysis. Chemiosmosis relies on the E.T.C to produce ATP; however, it produces 26-28 ATP.

Question 16

Be able to describe what molecules enter and exit the mitochondria during cellular respiration

Answer 16

In celular respiration, in the mitochondria, glucose, NAD+, and O2 enter go through glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce CO2 and 26-28 ATP.

Question 17

Predict what gasses could be measured in order to determine if cellular respiration is increasing or decreasing

Answer 17

O2 is consumed at the end of the E.T.C having low levels will imply that there is an increase in respiration (breathing until until you ran out). On the other side, having low levels of CO2 will imply that there is a decrease in cellular respiration since CO2 is a product of the citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation.

Question 18

Predict how changes in the cell and mitochondria might affect ATP production

Answer 18

No oxygen will lead to fermentation. pH concentration will affect the E.T.C ( H+ concetration should be higher outside–low pH–acidic) in order to carry out chemiosmosis.

Question 19

Draw and label a chloroplast

Question 20

Describe the process and products of the light reactions

Answer 20

Light reactions take place in the choloroplast in the thylakoid membrane. The reactants include 6CO2+H20+ Light energy. Photosystem II, chorophyl, absorbs the photon causes kinetic enrgy and and breaks down H2O.The high energy electrons will go through the E.T.C reducing free energy and using it to bring H+ from stroma into the thylakoid lumen. This will happen again with Chlorophyl I. Consecutively, an enzyme will produce NADH (through reduction of NADP+) that will be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation (glucose formation). Then ATP Synthase will pump out H+ into the stroma producing ATP. ATP, NADH and O2 are producta of light reactions.

Question 21

Describe the process and products of the Calvin cycle

Question 22

Compare location of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Question 23

Describe the phases of the cell cycle

Question 24

Compare haploid, diploid, and duplicated chromosomes

Question 25

Compare homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids

Question 26

Describe karyotypes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes

Question 27

Describe the phases of mitosis, and what major events occur at each phase

Question 28

Describe how microtubules and dynein are involved in cell division

Question 29

Describe how cellular molecules can start and stop cell division.

Question 30

Predict how cancer may result from errors in the cell cycle

Question 31

Determine how anti-cancer drugs may work to kill cancer cells

Question 32

Explain how crossing over changes chromosomes

Question 33

Explain how meiosis contributes to genetic variation

Question 34

Predict how abnormal chromosome number or alterations in chromosome structure can lead to disorders

Question 35

Describe which nucleotides are pyrimidines and which are purines

Question 35

Explain the classic science evidence that genetic material is DNA, not protein

Question 36

Describe which direction the template strand is normally written (3’ or 5’ first)

Question 37

Explain the classic science evidence that replication is semiconservative

Question 38

Describe the anatomy of a promoter region

Question 39

List the steps needed for gene activation

Question 40

Describe two modifications of RNA to make a mature strand

Question 41

Predict the effect of specific errors in transcription or RNA processing

Question 42

List the steps of translation and what happens in each

Question 42

Describe how a tRNA is charged

Question 42

Describe all the proteins needed to perform translation

Question 42

Describe what a polysome is and why it is useful to the cell

Question 42

List the types of small-scale mutations

Question 42

Explain how eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at the levels of chromatin unpacking, transcription, and translation

Question 42

Explain how mutations can change chromosome number

Question 42

Explain how cells can have the same genetic information but can exist as different types of cells through their complements of specific transcription factors