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SYSTEMATICS > MICROTAXONOMY > Flashcards

MICROTAXONOMY Flashcards

1
Q

two levels of taxonomy

A

micro

macro

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2
Q

problems related to species

A

microtaxonomy

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3
Q

problems and principles of higher taxa (subgen and above)

A

macrotaxonomy

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4
Q

6 MODERN SPECIES CONCEPT

A 
BMEEPP
Biological
Morphological
Ecological
Evolutionary
Phenetic
Phylogenetic
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5
Q

Definition of a Species

A

Biological
Morphological
Phylogenetic

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6
Q

A group of organisms that can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other groups (Ernst Mayr, 1963) and produce viable, fertile offspring.

A

Biological species concept

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7
Q

advantage of biological species concept

A

widely used by scientist

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8
Q

disadvantages of biological species concept

A
  1. cant be applied to species that reproduce asexually
  2. uncertain for populations that are physically separated and dont have the opportunity to breed naturally
  3. cant be applied to fossil species
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9
Q

group of individuals that share common characteristics

A

morphological species concept

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10
Q

use physical similarities to classify species

A

morphological species concept

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11
Q

organisms are compared and scientists decide whether similar organisms represent different species

A

morphological species concept

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12
Q

advantages (MSC)

A
  1. simply and widely used

2. can be applied to SEXUAL and ASEXUAL organisms and useful for species concepts in the FOSSIL RECORD

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13
Q

disadvantages (MSC)

A
  1. too much variation within a species
  2. sometimes subjective and depend on expert opinions for key traits
  3. species can be morphologically indistinguishable but are CLEARLY DIFF LINEAGE
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14
Q

focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms

A

Phylogenetic species concept

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15
Q

defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows a pattern of relationship among organisms

A

Phylogenetic species concept

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16
Q

evolutionary history of a species

A

Phylogeny

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17
Q

how phylogenies can be determined

A

DSM

  1. Developmental traits (embryology)
  2. Structural traits (homology)
  3. Molecular traits (genetics and mol bio)
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18
Q

organisms likely share a common ancestry if:

A
  1. they show similar stages of embryological development
  2. similar anatomical structure regardless of function
  3. genetically similar
19
Q

Molecular similarities

A
  1. evol relationships among species are reflected in DNA and proteins
  2. two species that have matching gene and protein sequences would share a common ancestor
20
Q

advantages (Morphological)

A
  1. can be applied to EXTINCT species

2. gives importance to info obtained from DNA ANALYSIS

21
Q

disadvantages (Morphological)

A

evol histo are not known for all species

22
Q

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

A

Speciation

23
Q

two reqs for speciation to occur:

A
  1. separation of the gene pool of the ancestral species into two separate gene pools
  2. over time, allele and gene frequencies may change due to natural selection (genetic divergence)
24
Q

when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits

A

formation of species

25
Q

2 modes or mechanisms of speciation

A
  1. Allopatric

2. Sympatric

26
Q

a population is separated geographically, either by natural barrier or when some individuals leave a population to find another

A

Allopatric speciation

27
Q

how does new species become morphologically different from the parent species

A
  1. natural selection

2. genetic drift

28
Q

the new species may adapt differently to new environment or with a different set of mutations

A

natural selection

29
Q

change in the frequency of an existing gene (allele)

A

genetic drift

30
Q

can lead to mutation and random allele changes in small population

A

genetic drift

31
Q

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population

A

founder effect

32
Q

there is reduced genetic variation from the original population

A

founder effect

33
Q

can be due to geographic isolation, when a small population of individuals migrates to a new area

A

founder effect

34
Q

caused by intense competition, adverse envi conditions, or parasitism

A

Bottleneck effect

35
Q

increases the rate of random genetic drift

A

bottleneck

36
Q

inbreeding is also increased due to reduced genetic pool

A

bottleneck

37
Q

reduces resistance to parasites and diseases & the ability to respond environmental changes

A

bottleneck

38
Q

genetic variation is reduced

A

bottleneck

39
Q

a gene pool is divided without geographic separation

A

sympatric speciation

40
Q

kind of isolation wherein reproduction occurs at different times

A

temporal isolation

41
Q

kind of isolation wherein the species occupy different habitats in the same are

A

habitat/spatial isolation

42
Q

kind of isolation wherein species has different courtship displays

A

behavioral isolation

43
Q

kind of isolation wherein species are physically incompatible

A

mechanical isolation

SYSTEMATICS (7 decks)

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