MICROTAXONOMY

Question 1

two levels of taxonomy

Answer 1

micro

macro

Question 2

problems related to species

Answer 2

microtaxonomy

Question 3

problems and principles of higher taxa (subgen and above)

Answer 3

macrotaxonomy

Question 4

6 MODERN SPECIES CONCEPT

Answer 4

BMEEPP
Biological
Morphological
Ecological
Evolutionary
Phenetic
Phylogenetic

Question 5

Definition of a Species

Answer 5

Biological
Morphological
Phylogenetic

Question 6

A group of organisms that can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other groups (Ernst Mayr, 1963) and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Answer 6

Biological species concept

Question 7

advantage of biological species concept

Answer 7

widely used by scientist

Question 8

disadvantages of biological species concept

Answer 8

1. cant be applied to species that reproduce asexually
2. uncertain for populations that are physically separated and dont have the opportunity to breed naturally
3. cant be applied to fossil species

Question 9

group of individuals that share common characteristics

Answer 9

morphological species concept

Question 10

use physical similarities to classify species

Answer 10

morphological species concept

Question 11

organisms are compared and scientists decide whether similar organisms represent different species

Answer 11

morphological species concept

Question 12

advantages (MSC)

Answer 12

1. simply and widely used

2. can be applied to SEXUAL and ASEXUAL organisms and useful for species concepts in the FOSSIL RECORD

Question 13

disadvantages (MSC)

Answer 13

1. too much variation within a species
2. sometimes subjective and depend on expert opinions for key traits
3. species can be morphologically indistinguishable but are CLEARLY DIFF LINEAGE

Question 14

focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms

Answer 14

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 15

defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows a pattern of relationship among organisms

Answer 15

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 16

evolutionary history of a species

Answer 16

Phylogeny

Question 17

how phylogenies can be determined

Answer 17

DSM

1. Developmental traits (embryology)
2. Structural traits (homology)
3. Molecular traits (genetics and mol bio)

Question 18

organisms likely share a common ancestry if:

Answer 18

1. they show similar stages of embryological development
2. similar anatomical structure regardless of function
3. genetically similar

Question 19

Molecular similarities

Answer 19

1. evol relationships among species are reflected in DNA and proteins
2. two species that have matching gene and protein sequences would share a common ancestor

Question 20

advantages (Morphological)

Answer 20

1. can be applied to EXTINCT species

2. gives importance to info obtained from DNA ANALYSIS

Question 21

disadvantages (Morphological)

Answer 21

evol histo are not known for all species

Question 22

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Answer 22

Speciation

Question 23

two reqs for speciation to occur:

Answer 23

1. separation of the gene pool of the ancestral species into two separate gene pools
2. over time, allele and gene frequencies may change due to natural selection (genetic divergence)

Question 24

when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits

Answer 24

formation of species

Question 25

2 modes or mechanisms of speciation

Answer 25

1. Allopatric | 2. Sympatric

Question 26

a population is separated geographically, either by natural barrier or when some individuals leave a population to find another

Answer 26

Allopatric speciation

Question 27

how does new species become morphologically different from the parent species

Answer 27

1. natural selection | 2. genetic drift

Question 28

the new species may adapt differently to new environment or with a different set of mutations

Answer 28

natural selection

Question 29

change in the frequency of an existing gene (allele)

Answer 29

genetic drift

Question 30

can lead to mutation and random allele changes in small population

Answer 30

genetic drift

Question 31

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population

Answer 31

founder effect

Question 32

there is reduced genetic variation from the original population

Answer 32

founder effect

Question 33

can be due to geographic isolation, when a small population of individuals migrates to a new area

Answer 33

founder effect

Question 34

caused by intense competition, adverse envi conditions, or parasitism

Answer 34

Bottleneck effect

Question 35

increases the rate of random genetic drift

Answer 35

bottleneck

Question 36

inbreeding is also increased due to reduced genetic pool

Answer 36

bottleneck

Question 37

reduces resistance to parasites and diseases & the ability to respond environmental changes

Answer 37

bottleneck

Question 38

genetic variation is reduced

Answer 38

bottleneck

Question 39

a gene pool is divided without geographic separation

Answer 39

sympatric speciation

Question 40

kind of isolation wherein reproduction occurs at different times

Answer 40

temporal isolation

Question 41

kind of isolation wherein the species occupy different habitats in the same are

Answer 41

habitat/spatial isolation

Question 42

kind of isolation wherein species has different courtship displays

Answer 42

behavioral isolation

Question 43

kind of isolation wherein species are physically incompatible

Answer 43

mechanical isolation