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AUBF > Microscopic Examination > Flashcards

Microscopic Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What are the formed elements in the urine

A

Rbc
Wbc
Epithelial cells
Cast
Bacteria
Yeast
Parasites
Mucus
Spermatozoa
Crystals
Artifacts

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2
Q

Methods by which the sediment is prepared, the volume of sediment actually examined, the methods and equipments used to obtain visualization, and the manner in which the results are reported.

A

Microscopic analysis

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3
Q

Color (significance)

A

Blood

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4
Q

Clarity (significance)

A

Hematuria versus hemoglobinuria/ myoglobinuria
Confirm pathologic or non pathologic cause of turbidity

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5
Q

Blood (significance)

A

RBC, RBC casts

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6
Q

Protein (significance)

A

Cast, cells

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7
Q

Nitrite (significance)

A

Bacteria, WBC

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8
Q

Leukocyte esterase (significance)

A

WBC, WBC casts, bacteria

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9
Q

Glucose (significance)

A

Yeast

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10
Q

This can cause precipitation of amorphus urates and phosphates and other nonpathologic crystals

A

Refrigeration

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11
Q

This type of specimen collection minimizes external contamination of the sediment

A

Midstream clean-catch

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12
Q

A standard amount of urine that can be centrifuged in a conical tube

A

10-15 mL

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13
Q

RCF Formula

A

RCF= 1.118x10^-5 x radius in centimeters x RPM^2

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14
Q

Volume that is frequently used for uniform amount of urine and sediment

A

0.5 and 1.0mL

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15
Q

To maintain a uniform sediment concentration factor, urine should be

A

Aspirated off

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16
Q

When using the conventional glass-slide method, the recommended volume is

A

0.02mL

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17
Q

Examples of commercial systems

A

KOVA, urisystem, quick- prep urinalyis

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18
Q

Low power is used to detect (10x) what?

A

Epithelial cells

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19
Q

High power (40x) is used to detect what?

A

Wbc
Rbc
Yeast
Parasite

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20
Q

Often present to provide a point of reference

A

Epithelial cells

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21
Q

How are casts reported in the microscopic examination

A

Average number per low power field (lpf)

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22
Q

How are rbc and wbc reported in microscopic examination

A

Average number per 10 high-power fields (hpf)

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23
Q

How are epithelial cells, crystals, and other elements reported in microscopic examination

A

Semiquantitive terms

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24
Q

Who developed the first procedure to standardize the quantitation of formed elements in the urine microscopic analysis

A

Addis

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25
Q

It used a hemocytometer to count the number of RBC, WBC, casts, and epithelial cells present in a 12-he specimen

A

Addis count

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26
Q

Increases the overall visibility of sediment elements being examined using bright field microscopy by changing the refractive index

A

Staining

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27
Q

Identifies WBC, epithelial cells, and cast
Most frequent used stain in urinalysis

A

Sternheimer Malbin

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28
Q

Differentiate WBC and renal tubular epithelial cells, enhances nuclear detail

A

Toluidine blue

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29
Q

Distinguishes rbc from wbc, yeast, oil droplets and crystals
Lyses rbc and enhance wbc

A

2% acetic acid

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30
Q

Identify the free fat droplets and lipid containing cells and casts
Do not stain cholesterol

A

Lipid stain: oild red O and sudan

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31
Q

Identifies bacterial cast
Differentiate gram positive and gram negative

A

Gram stain

32
Q

Identifies urinary eosinophils

A

Hansel stains

33
Q

Identifies yellow brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts

A

Prussian blue stain

34
Q

Used for routine urinalysis

A

Bright field microscopy

35
Q

Enhances hyaline cast, mixed cellular cast, mucous threads and trichinomas

A

Phase- contrast microscopy

36
Q

Aids in identification of cholesterol

A

Polarizing microscopy

37
Q

Aids in identification of treponema paliidum

A

Dark field microscopy

38
Q

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms like antigens and antibodies

A

Fluorescence microscopy

39
Q

Produces a three dimensional microscopy image

A

Interference- contrast

40
Q

Smooth, non nucleated , biconcave disk measuring approximately 7mm in diameter

A

Red blood cells

41
Q

What is the appearance of the rbc in concentrated urine

A

Crenated

42
Q

What is the appearance of rbc in dilute urine

A

Ghost cells

43
Q

Rbc that vary in size, have cellular protrusions, pr are fragmented

A

Dysmorphic

44
Q

Larger than rbc measuring an average of about 12mm in diameter

A

White blood cells

45
Q

The predominant wbc found in the urine sediment

A

Neutrophils

46
Q

Where does neutrophils lyse rapidly and begin to lose nuclear details

A

Dilute alkaline

47
Q

Brownian movement of the granules within these larger cells produces a sparkling appearance
They have no pathologic significance

A

Glitter cells

48
Q

The presence of this cell is primarily associated with drug induced interstitial nephritis.
May be seen with urinary tract infections

A

Eosinophils

49
Q

Smallest wbc

A

Lymphocytes

50
Q

Large WBCs and may appear vacuolated or contain inclusions.

A

Monocytes, macrophages and histiocytes

51
Q

Usually larger than wbc with an eccentrically located nucleus

A

RTE cells

52
Q

An increase in urinary WBCs, presence of an infection or inflammation in the genitourinary sytem

A

Pyuria

53
Q

Types of epithelial cells seen in urine

A

Squamous
Transitional
Renal tubular

54
Q

Largest cells found in the urine sediment, it contains abundant, irregular cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus

A

Squamous cells

55
Q

Where does squamous epithelial cells usually originate

A

Linings of the vagina and female urethra
Lower portion of the male urethra

56
Q

A variation of squamous epithelial cells, have a pathological significance, indicative of vaginal infection by the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Clue cells

57
Q

These are smaller than squamous cells and appear in several forms, including spherical, polyhedral and caudate

A

Transitional epithelial cells

58
Q

Where does transitional epithelial cells usually originate

A

Lining of the renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, and bladder
Upper portion of male urethra

59
Q

Increased number of transitional cells

A

Syncytia

60
Q

They tend to have a rectangular shape and referred as columnar or convoluted cells

A

Renal tubular epithelial cells

61
Q

Shape of the cell from the distal convoluted tubule

A

Smaller

62
Q

Shape of the cell from proximal convoluted tubule

A

Smaller, round or oval

63
Q

Presence of rte cells are often result as

A

Tissue destruction (necrosis)

64
Q

Lipid containing RTE cells

A

Oval fat bodies

65
Q

Appearance of droplets containing cholesterol using polarized microscopy

A

Maltese cross formation

66
Q

RTE is report as

A

Semiquantitive terms

67
Q

Oval fat bodies is reported as

A

Semiquantitive terms

68
Q

Most frequently associated with damage to the glomerulus

A

Lipiduria

69
Q

It may be present in urine due to collected specimens that are in sterile condition (catheterized)
Present in cocci or bacili

A

Bacteria

70
Q

The bacteria that is most frequently associated with UTI

A

Enterobacteriaceae

71
Q

Appear in the urine as small, refractile oval structures that may or may not contain a bud.

A

Yeast

72
Q

Yeast cell that are seen in the urine of diabetic patients, immunocompromised patients, and women with vaginal moniliasis

A

Candida albicans

73
Q

Most frequent parasite encountered in the urine

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

74
Q

The most common contaminant is ova from what pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

75
Q

Easily identified in the urine sediment by their oval, slightly tapered heads and long, flagella like tails

A

Spermatozoa

76
Q

It is a protein material, appears microscopically as thread like structures with a low refractive index

A

Mucus

77
Q

It is a glycoprotein excreted by the RTE cells, it is a major constituent of mucus

A

Uromodulin

AUBF (4 decks)

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