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AUBF > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote a book on uroscopy in the 5th century BCE?

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Frederik Dekkers discovery in 1694 by boiling urine

A

Albuminuria

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3
Q

Who develop the methods of quantitating the microscopic sediments?

A

Thomas Addis

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4
Q

Introduced the concept of urinalysis in 1827

A

Richard Bright

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5
Q

A metabolic waste product produced in the liver

A

Urea

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6
Q

Organic substances of urine

A

Creatinine
Uric acid
Urea

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7
Q

Inorganic components of urine

A

Chloride
Sodium
Potassium

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8
Q

Urine composition

A

95% water
5% solutes

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9
Q

Decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

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10
Q

Cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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11
Q

Increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine

A

Nocturia

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12
Q

Increase in daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

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13
Q

Decreased production of ADH leads to what?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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14
Q

Decreased insulin and increased glucose leads to what?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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15
Q

Fluid loss in both diseases is compensated by increased ingestion of water

A

Polydipsia

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16
Q

The recommended capacity of the urine container

A

50mL

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17
Q

Volume of the specimen needed for microscopic analysis

A

12mL

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18
Q

The most routinely used method of preservation

A

Refrigeration

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19
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Color)

A

Modified/darkened
Oxidation or reduction of metabolites

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20
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine?
(Clarity)

A

Decreased
Bacterial growth and precipitated of amorphous material

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21
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine?
(Odor)

A

Increased
Bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea to ammonia

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22
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine?
(pH)

A

Increased
Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria

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23
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Glucose)

A

Decrease
Glycolysis and bacterial use

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24
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Ketones)

A

Decreased
Volatilization and bacterial metabolism

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25
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Bilirubin)

A

Decreased
Exposure to light/ photo oxidation to biliverdin

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26
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Urobilinogen)

A

Decreased
Oxidation to urobilin

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27
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Nitrite)

A

Increased
Multiplication of nitratre-reducing bacteria

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28
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Rbc and wbc casts)

A

Decreased disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

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29
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Bacteria)

A

Increased
Multiplication

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30
Q

What changes happen in an unpreserved urine? (Trichonomas)

A

Decreased
Loss of motility, death

31
Q

It may be collected at any time

A

Random specimen

32
Q

A type of preservatives that prevents bacterial growth and metabolism

A

Boric acid

33
Q

Excellent sediment preservative

A

Formalin

34
Q

A good preservative for drug analyses

A

Sodium fluoride

35
Q

For routine screening, pregnancy test and orthostatic protein

A

First morning specimen

36
Q

For quantitative chemical test

A

24 hour (or timed) specimen

37
Q

For bacterial culture

A

Catheterized

38
Q

For routine screening and bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch

39
Q

For bladder urine for bacterial culture

A

Suprapubic aspiration

40
Q

For prostatic infection

A

Three-glass collection

41
Q

Functional units of kidney

A

Nephrons

42
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical- responsible for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients.
Juxtamedullary- for the concentration of the urine

43
Q

Renal functions:

A

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

44
Q

This is where the blood enters the capillaries of the nephron

A

Afferent arteriole

45
Q

This is where the major exchanges of of water and salts takes place between the blood and the medullary interstitium

A

Vasa recta

46
Q

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic gradient occur

A

Renal blood flow

47
Q

Physical examination of urine:

A

Color, clarity, specific gravity, odor

48
Q

Normal urine color

A

Yellow

49
Q

Pigment that causes yellow color in urine

A

Urochrome

50
Q

Dark yellow or amber urine

A

Presence of bilirubin

51
Q

Yellow- green color

A

Presence of biliverdin

52
Q

Red and cloudy

A

Presence of rbc

53
Q

Red and clear

A

Presence of myoglobin and hemoglobin

54
Q

Brown or black

A

Melanoma

55
Q

Blue or gree

A

Pseudomonas infection

56
Q

No visible particulates

A

Clear

57
Q

Few particulates

A

Hazy

58
Q

Many particulates

A

Cloudy

59
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

60
Q

Precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

61
Q

Presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus

A

Nonpathologic turbidity

62
Q

Presence of rbc, wbc, and bacteria in urine

A

Pathologic turbidity

63
Q

Determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

Refractometer

64
Q

It consist of weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity

A

Urinometry

65
Q

What is the odor of a freshly voided urine

A

Aromatic

66
Q

Cause of ammonia-like odor

A

Bacterial decomposition, UTI

67
Q

Cause of fruity sweet odor

A

Ketones

68
Q

Cause of maple syrup odor

A

Maple syrup urine disease

69
Q

Cause of mousy odor

A

Phenylketonuria

70
Q

Cause of rancid odor

A

Tyrosinemia

71
Q

Cause of sweaty feet odor

A

Isovaleric acidemia

72
Q

Cause of cabbage odor

A

Methionine malabsorption

73
Q

Cause of bleach odor

A

Contamination

AUBF (4 decks)

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