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DHBS 302 > Microscopic Anatomy Overview > Flashcards

Microscopic Anatomy Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Organology

A

Organs

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4
Q

Histological specimen preparation steps

A
  • Fixation
  • Dehydration
  • Infiltration and embedding
  • Sectioning
  • Staining
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5
Q

Fixation

A

Tissue at room temperature will decay, need to preserve it

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6
Q

Dehydration

A

Need to get rid of the water, replace water with organic solvent like alcohol

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7
Q

Infiltration and embedding

A
  • May be brittle because of the alcohol
  • Replace alcohol with a medium to form a stable block of thick tissue that is not decaying or dehydrating
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8
Q

Sectioning

A

Cut it so light can go through it

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9
Q

Staining

A

Adds contrast

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10
Q

Microscopy/imaging

A

Look at it

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11
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Binds to negatively charged components of the cell, ​​nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are examples of nucleic acids that hematoxylin binds to?

A
  • Nuclear chromatin
  • Nucleolus
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes
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13
Q

Basophilic

A

Base loving, structures that stain blue/purple with hematoxylin

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14
Q

Eosin

A

Binds to positively charged or neutral components of the cell, proteins

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15
Q

What are examples of proteins that eosin binds to?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasmic filaments
  • Mitochondria
  • Secretory vesicles
  • Collagen fibers
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16
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A
  • Illumination source is a beam of electrons through a vacuum
  • Black and white, 2D
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17
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A
  • Specimen coated with a thin layer of metal that electrons bounce off of
  • Is scanned by lense
  • Reflected electrons gather to produce the image on a screen
  • 3D
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18
Q

Artifacts

A

Any alteration of normal morphological or cytological features of cells or tissues

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19
Q

Examples of artifacts

A
  • Tissue shrinkage
  • Redistribution of cell structures
  • Loss of cell components
  • Extraction of cellular contents
  • Mechanical consequences of sectioning
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20
Q

Stroma

A

The supportive framework of an organ, usually composed of connective tissue

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21
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional tissue of an organ, cells

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22
Q

Lumen

A

Cavity or channel within a tube or hollow organ

23
Q

Medulla

A

Inner core of an organ

24
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of an organ

25
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the center or point of origin

26
Q

Distal

A

Away from the center or point of origin

27
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the outside of the body or organ

28
Q

Deep

A

Towards the inside of the body or organ

29
Q

Basal

A

Towards the base

30
Q

Apical

A

Towards the tip

31
Q

Cross section/transverse section

A

Cut in half

32
Q

Longitudinal section

A

Cut on long axis

33
Q

Oblique section

A

Angled

34
Q

Cells vary in…

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Internal structure
  • Function
  • Turnover rate
35
Q

What cells lack nuclei

A

RBCs

36
Q

What cells have more than one nucleus?

A

Cementoblast

37
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Governs cell structure and function
  • Contains hereditary material: DNA
  • Produces ribosomes (rRna) and messenger RNA (mRNA)
38
Q

Chromatin

A

Coiled strands of DNA and protein

39
Q

Euchromatin

A
  • Looser coiled chromatin
  • Easier to copy
  • Lighter areas within nucleus
40
Q

Heterochromatin

A
  • Tightly coiled
  • Electron dense
  • Are dark spots on images
41
Q

Active nucleus

A
  • Pale staining
  • Has more euchromatic
  • Probably being transcribed into RNA
42
Q

Inactive nucleus

A
  • Dark staining
  • Heterochromatic
  • Not dead
  • Chromatin is crumpled up
43
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Site of ribosome production
  • Site of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis
44
Q

Is the nucleolus well developed in active or inactive nuclei?

A

Active

45
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • Surrounds the nucleus
  • Double membrane
46
Q

Nuclear pores

A

For messenger RNA to leave nucleus and for things to come in

47
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms semipermeable barrier at the cell surface to regulate the passage of large or charged molecules

48
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Two phospholipids together

49
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy

50
Q

Simple diffusion

A

High to low flow, no help needed

51
Q

Carrier protein

A
  • Can be active or passive based on if energy is needed
  • Gate like structure
52
Q

Active transport

A

Energy required

53
Q

Channel protein

A

Opens up to allow certain things through

DHBS 302 (3 decks)

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