Microscope Flashcards
Initial magnification happens in the____
objective lens
final magnification happens in the _____
ocular lens
limit of usable magnification
Resolving power
magnification of two dots that are no longer resolvable
Empty magnification
A measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective
Numerical aperture
The distance from the object being viewed to the lens or the objective
FOCAL LENGTH
foot on which the microscope rests
base
foot on which the microscope rests
arm
the platform in which the object being observed is placed
stage
tungsten or tungsten-halogen bulb, spectrophotometer
light source
controls the intensity of light
rheostat
directs and focuses light onto the material under examination
condenser
controls the amount of light that passes through
diaphragm
Already focused, just adjust the fine adjustment
parfocal
Alignment are centered
parcentric
to widen the distance of oculars
Interpupillary distance
to adjust the grade
Diopter adjustment
gives rapid movement over a wide range and is used to obtain an approximate focus
coarse
gives very slow movement over a limited range and is used to obtain exact focus
fine
Uses scattered light to view objects that appear light on a dark background
* Used to observe spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
darkfield microscope
Gives objects a three-dimensional appearance * Useful for wet preparations (such as urine sediment), showing finer details without the need for special staining techniques * Add beam splitter (prism): will appear as 3D
DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE/NOMARSKY
Provides greater magnification and resolution than conventional light microscopy * Black and white
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Used to observe substances that fluoresce such as molecules coupled to antibodies for specific fluorescent labeling
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
Used to increase the contrast in unstained specimens * Useful for counting platelets and observing cellular structures and casts in wet preparations of urine sediment and vaginal smears
PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
- Used to identify crystals in body fluids: Synovial fluids found in joints
- Useful clinically for differentiating between monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in synovial fluid
Polarized and compensated polarized microscope
Parallel yellow:
Parallel blue :
negative birefringence, positive birefringence
Perpendicular yellow =
Perpendicular blue =
positive birefringence, negative birefringence
study of tissues
histo
study of disease
pathology
Is the process of killing the tissue to preserve it * Police: to preserve, protect, and stabilize * Most commonly used fixative: 10% formalin
Fixation
Removal of calcium or calcified tissues/tissue structures
Delcalcification
- Removal of water or moisture
- Commonly used: Alcohols
- Most preferred: 70-100% Ethanol
Dehydration
One of the most common samples of clearing agent is Xylene or Chloroform; Tissue will appear as clear
Clearing
to remove alcohol, xylene is being used to eradicate alcohol
Dealcoholization
Adding wax such as paraffin and celloidin
infiltration/impregnation
We are using embedding media to form the mold * Blocking/molding
Embedding
- Trim for microtome * Trimming of wax blocks
Trimming
: used to trim tissue
Microtome
Tissue ribboning
Sectioning/cutting
- Adding of color such as dyes to the tissues
- To differentiate different structures of tissues
staining
mounting
Putting it on the slides
- Secure the cover slide
- To protect the tissue
ringing
- Naming/putting identity of the tissue * Always last yung paglabelling. * Putting identity of the tissue.
labelling
