CONNECTIVE TISSUES Flashcards
Connective tissue 2 divisions:
CT Proper and Specialized
Connective tissues specialized:
Adipose, muscle, bones
Types of Connective tissues:
Extracellular Matrix, Protein, Fibers, Collagen, Water
less number of cells; Facilitates nutrient and gas (02 and co2) transfer.
Extracellular Matrix
substances that help our body. Mediator of metabolism
protein
Amorphous, homogenous, transparent, and hydrated gel (h2o)
Ground substance
main constituent. Core protein glycosaminoglycans enter
Proteoglycans
they bind to proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
(backbone) – proteoglycans kumakapit sa hyaluronic acid specifically sa Link Protein
Hyaluronic acid
(links proteoglycan na may kasamang proteoglycans sa hyaluronic acid. Special glycosaminoglycan
Link Protein
Types of Glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronic acid, link protein, keratan, sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate
Multiadhesive Glycoproteins
Fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin, thrombospondin, etc.
mediates cellular migration, cell adhesion, tissue regeneration
Fibronectin
integrins type IV collagen and proteoglycans. It is a binding site for these certain substances/proteins.
Laminin
The force that keeps the water outside the blood vessels or tissues
Hydrostatic pressure
The force that keeps the water outside the blood vessels or tissues
Hydrostatic pressure
The force that keeps the water inside the blood vessels.
Osmotic pressure
build-up of interstitial fluid in connective tissues
Edema
Hereditary diseases involving specific enzymes that degrades GAGs.
They lack enzymes. No. of GAGs will be increased resulting to magiiba yung appearance ng patients kasi yung tissues ay abnormal if sosobra yung GAGs
Hunter, Hurler, Sanfilippo
Consists mainly of fibroblasts.
These fibroblasts produces different substances such as proteoglycans.
* Spindle-like in shape
Embryonic mesenchyme
produce and maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components
Fibroblasts
mainly for defense
Leukocytes
mediates some inflammatory responses. Works together with basophils.
Mast Cells
mediates some inflammatory responses. Works together with basophils.
Mast Cells
Mainly fats, for cushioning and structural component of adipose tissues
Adipocytes
mature quiescent (inactive/sleeping) fibroblasts
Fibrocyte
- Main phagocytic.
- For bacterial infection
- Predominant sa circulation
Neutrophil
- Its nucleus is typically closer to the size of the RBCs.
- One big oval shape.
- Its main function is for cellular defense and production of antibodies.
- Walang granules
- Almost the same to macrophages
- Increased lymphocyte:
o intracellular infections/viral infections
Lymphocyte
- Its nucleus is typically closer to the size of the RBCs.
- One big oval shape.
- Its main function is for cellular defense and production of antibodies.
- Walang granules
- Almost the same to macrophages
- Increased lymphocyte:
o intracellular infections/viral infections
Lymphocyte
orchestrator or mastermind of immune responses. They will produce different substances.
T helper:
produces toxic substances to kill intracellular pathogens. Bind to the cell to kill it. Mainly this is defense for intracellular pathogens.
T cytotoxic
It can mature into plasma cells
Plasma cells will produce different antibodies to the surface.
Then these antibodies will detach and will try to find yung nagca-cause ng disease.
B cells
- Kidney bean-shaped, irregular cytoplasm
- Clean up crew.
- Macrophage cleans bacteria, debris, and affected cells. → for elimination
o Sa circulation, onti lang _____ then sa tissues ay macrophages.
Monocyte
Bi-lobe nucleus.
* Increased during parasitic infection
Eosinophil
- Typically 0-1 lang sa differential cell count.
- Pag tumaas, may sakit na.
- Release heparin and histamine.
- The rarest.
Basophil
natural anti-coagulant of the body
Heparin
Liquid form sa body
Anti-coagulant
mediation of immune response
Histamine
Types of Fibers
- Collagen
- Reticular
- Elastic
Collagen fibers made up of type I collagen
Fibrillar collagen
o Laminae
o The one connecting basal lamina and epithelium
Network or sheet-forming collagens
Anchors tissues to basement membrane
Linking/anchoring collagens
pre-cursor of collagen
Procollagen alpha chains
o Local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin
o Due to certain hereditary defect, sumosobra yung collagen during tissue repair.
o Mostly black people/African people yung nagkakaroon ng keloids
Keloids
Found in delicate connective tissue of many organs
* Argyrophillic – needs silver stain (to be able to see)
* PAS-positive (Periodic Acid Schiff)
* Delicate reticular networks serve as the supportive stroma for the parenchymal secretory cells and rich microvasculature
o Example: liver and endocrine glands
* Mainly made up of type lll collagen (found in delicate connective tissues)
Reticular fibers
Structure or supportive part of the matrix. They hold the structure or the tissue together
Stroma
Constituents of the matrix
Stroma,Parenchyma
The functional part. Usually consists of different cells with certain functions (laman)
Parenchyma
- Have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape
- Not strongly acidophilic
- Can be seen in the lungs, capsules, pericardium, urothelium (composed of transitional epithelial tissues)
Elastic fibers
a disease characterized by a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers
Marfan Syndrome
Types of connective tissues
Loose connective,Dense regular,Dense irregular,Reticular,Mucoid
Forms a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve
* Typically contains cells, fibers, and ground substance in roughly equal parts
* Flexible and not very resistant to stress
Additional:
* Mas maluwag, mas stretchy as compared to dense connective tissue
* Decreased collagen, increased yung fibrolasts kasi siya yung mas malapit sa balat.
* Fibrolasts produces substances for tissue repair.
Loose connective tissue
- Similar components as loose connective tissue but with fewer cells
- Type I collagen predominant
- Dense irregular – randomly interwoven collagen granules w/ no definite orientation
- Skin
- Dense regular – aligned in parallel for great resistance to prolonged or repeated stresses from the same direction
- Tendons and ligaments
Additional: - Fewer cells, increased collagen
- Mas strong structurally as compared to loose.
Dense Connective tissues
- Abundance of type III collagen fibers
- Delicate network that supports various types of cells
- Provides a framework with specialized microenvironments for cells in hemopoietic tissue and some lymphoid organs
- Lymphoid organs example: bones/bone marrow
Reticular tissue
– modified fibroblasts na makikita sa reticular tissue
Reticular cells
- Principal component of the fetal umbilical cord
- With abundant ground substance composed chiefly of hyaluronan
- Sparse collagen fibers and scattered fibroblasts
Additional: - Fetal umbilical cord (whartons jelly)
- Hyaluronan: protein
- Developing pa kasi connected sa fetus
- Maraming fibroblasts
Mucoid connective tissue
