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Biology > Microorganisms, Defence Against Disease > Flashcards

Microorganisms, Defence Against Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Spontaneous generation theory

A

The thought that the microorganism appeared spontaneously from non living materials

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2
Q

Disproving the spontaneous generation theory

A

Pasteur’s famous swan neck experiments disproved this theory as they showed that “spoilage” only happened if the nutrient broth was left exposed to the air

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3
Q

Swan neck experiment

A

He used nutrient broth that had been sterilised through the boiling in a flask. He covered the openings of some flasks, left some open and to other flasks he introduced a swan neck bend and left them uncovered.

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4
Q

Swan neck results

A

The results prove that spoilage only happens if the microbes can gain access to the broth. We now understand that the nutrients in the broth are needed to provide the energy and materials required for cell division of bacteria

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5
Q

Pasteurisation

A

This involves heating foods to temperatures (but NOT boiling) and then chilling rapidly.
This techniques kills most bacteria that would otherwise result in food spoiling or unusable

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6
Q

Virus’

A 
>HIV(AIDS)
> rubella
>measles
>mumps 
>colds and flu
> polio
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7
Q

Bacteriums

A

> salmonella
gonorrhoea
tuberculosis
chlamydia

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8
Q

Fungus

A

> athletes foot

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9
Q

HIV

A

Spread
Exchange of body fluid during sex or infected blood

Control/prevention/treatment
Using a condom reduces risk of infection
Drug addicts no sharing needles
NO CURE

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10
Q

Rubella

A 
Spread
Air born ( droplet inflection) through coughing and sneezing

Control/prevention/treatment
Prevented by MMR vaccination

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11
Q

Measles

A 
Spread
Air born (droplet infection) through coughing or sneezing or by contact

Control/prevention/treatment
Prevented by MMR vaccination

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12
Q

Mumps

A 
Spread
 Air born (droplets infection) through coughing and sneezing

Control/prevention/treatment
Prevented by MMR vaccination

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13
Q

Cold and flus

A 
Spread 
Air born (droplet infection) through coughing and sneezing

Control/prevention/treatment
Flu vaccination for targeted groups

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14
Q

Polio

A

Spread
Usually spread through drinking water contaminated with faeces

Control/prevention/treatment
Polio vaccination currently eradicated polio in the uk

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15
Q

Salmonella

A

Spread
Food contamination

Control/prevention/treatment
Food cooked thoroughly and not mixing cooked and uncooked foods can control spread
Antibiotics

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16
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Spread
Sexual contact

Control/prevention/treatment
Condom reduces risk of infection
Antibiotics

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17
Q

Tuberculosis

A 
Spread 
Air born (water droplets) through coughing and sneezing

Control/prevention/treatment
BCG vaccination.
If contacted treated with drugs and antibiotics

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18
Q

Chlamydia

A

Spread
Sexual contact

Control/prevention/treatment
Condoms reduce risk of infection
Antibiotics

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19
Q

Athletes foot

A

Spread
Contact

Control/prevention/treatment
Avoid direct contact in area where spores are likely to be present
Flip flops in changing rooms and around pool

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20
Q

Non-specific defences to diseases

A 
>lungs
>eyes
>hair
>stomach
>cuts
>skin
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21
Q

Lungs (defence)

A

Cells produce mucus which traps dust and germs. Cilla moves the mucus upwards

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22
Q

Eyes (defence)

A

Tear glands make an antiseptic fluid which kills germs

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23
Q

Hair (defence)

A

Follicles- glands in the skin make an antiseptic oil

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24
Q

Stomach (defence)

A

Acid made by lining of the stomach kills germs

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25
Q

Cuts (defence)

A

When cut the blood forms a clot which develops a scab to prevent entry of bacteria

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26
Q

Skin (defence)

A

Dead outer layer of skin forms a barrier

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27
Q

Why does your blood clot?

A

If skin is broken at any point there is a chance that pathogens could enter

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28
Q

How does the blood clot?

A

When cut, platelets in bloodstream come into contact with the air. They rupture releasing chemicals that cause a protein fibrinogen to become insoluble protein fibrin.

This forms a mesh of fibres over the wound and cause more to rupture. They become sticky and become a platelet plug.

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29
Q

What does blood clotting prevent?

A

> blood loss

>pathogens entering the bloodstream

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30
Q

what is the immune sexy stem responsible for?

A

It deals with any pathogens that breach the physical barriers and will enter the body causing an infection

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31
Q

What deals with pathogens (foreign invaders)?

A

White blood cells

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32
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells capable of detecting, ingesting and digesting foreign cells- known as PHAGOCYTES

they have loved uncles and can change shape

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33
Q

Phagocytosis (stages)

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Migration- the phagocytes changes shape and moves towards the bacteria
  3. Bacteria becomes engulfed
  4. Digestion- bacteria are digested by enzymes
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34
Q

The role of lymphocytes

A

> to recognise and label non-self (foreign) molecules

>produce antibodies following exposure to these foreign molecules

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35
Q

Type of lymphocytes

A

> T cells

>B cells

36
Q

T cells

A

Attack those cells that have been invaded by bacteria

37
Q

B cells

A

Release antibodies into the bloodstream

38
Q

Antibodies

A

An antibody is a special type of protein molecule that labels materials as foreign- making it obvious to immune system

39
Q

Antibodies and pathogens

A

> Antibodies can work by grouping pathogen together in clumps making the job more efficient
some can latch on to invading pathogens and cause them to burst

40
Q

Antigens

A

Am antigen is a very small part of invading pathogens

41
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A

There are million of antigens recognised by our bodies and each of these in turn has its own antibody

Each antigens have its own unique shape

42
Q

T cells

A

Attack those cells that have been invaded by bacteria

43
Q

B cells

A

Release antibodies into the bloodstream

44
Q

Antibodies

A

An antibody is a special type of protein molecule that labels materials as foreign- making it obvious to immune system

45
Q

Antibodies and pathogens

A

> Antibodies can work by grouping pathogen together in clumps making the job more efficient
some can latch on to invading pathogens and cause them to burst

46
Q

Antigens

A

Am antigen is a very small part of invading pathogens

47
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A

There are million of antigens recognised by our bodies and each of these in turn has its own antibody

Each antigens have its own unique shape

48
Q

Immune response graph

A

The initial infection antibodies produced slowly (symptoms become apparent). Eventually antibodies levels are high enough to counter infections

Secondary infection activates the memory lymphocytes the response is much more rapid with huge amounts of antibodies produced ( no symptoms)

49
Q

Active immunity

A

The type of immunity obtained when your own lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies

50
Q

Types of active immunity

A

> Natural active immunity

> artificial active immunity

51
Q

Natural active immunity

A

A pathogen enters the body and is detected- your lymphocytes then make antibodies

52
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Vaccines contain a changed form of disease- an organism closely related to the pathogen that has minimal effects or attenuated pathogen or a toxoid.
This has the effect of activating lymphocytes to produce antibodies.

53
Q

Toxoid

A

A non toxic toxin

54
Q

Active immunity effects

A

Have long lasting effects- you should be protected for life

55
Q

Passive immunity

A

When the immune system is not activated but your really still protected form disease

56
Q

Nature passive(innate) immunity

A

Would be obtained in the first few weeks after birth
A mothers milk contains many preformed antibodies, these are taken into the body and used to protect against disease in the first months

57
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

When you would be injected with preformed antibody form another source

58
Q

Types of passive immunity

A

> natural passive immunity

>artificial passive immunity

59
Q

Passive immunity effects

A

It is not long lasting like active immunity

The main point with passive immunity is that your lymphocytes do not make the antibodies

60
Q

Why is a poster vaccination needed?

A

Sometimes the initial vaccination does not raise that antibody levels high enough to provide protection

61
Q

Vaccines and foreign travel

A

People from one country will not have been exposed to many pathogens found in other countries and will not have developed immunity to these disease

E.g. African continent

62
Q

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are chemical compounds produced by soil fungi and bacteria

They are used to treat bacterial infections

63
Q

When did Alexander Fleming discover the first antibiotic?

A

He accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928

64
Q

How did Fleming discovered penicillin?

A

He isolated it from the mould penicillium not arum and found it prevented the growth of bacteria

65
Q

1940 and penicillin

A

It was not available for commercial use until Florey and chain purified it in 1940

Mass production in 1940s

66
Q

Collaborative nature of science

A

Fleming, Florey and chain won the Nobel prize in 1945 for this work

67
Q

What is a fermenter?

A

It allows the production of penicillin on a commercial scale.
It is large vessel similar to those used to make insulin

68
Q

Why are fermenters used?

A

The create the ideal growth conditions to ensure maximum yield.

69
Q

What is down streaming?

A

The products will require down streaming - extraction, purification and packaging before they can be used

70
Q

What is a superbug ?

A

It is a bacterium that has developed resistance to a range of antibiotics

71
Q

Why have superbugs become resistant?

A

This is most likely die to some bacteria developing mutations providing them with protection against the antibiotic that would otherwise kill them

72
Q

Overuse of antibiotics

A

Overuse is directly linked to the development of strains as C.difficile and MRSA

There is a fear that in the future we may not have suitable antibiotics to fight off infections- this could have drastic effects on the population

73
Q

Deep cleans

A

Hospitals often carry out deep cleans to try and reduce the like hood of a superbug outbreak but good personal hygiene as well as isolation of patients who contact a super bug is also important

74
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

75
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

76
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

77
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

78
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

79
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

80
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

81
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

82
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

83
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

84
Q

Multodisc

A

Is a disc with a umber of different antibiotics in it.

This allows us to see which antibiotics is best at dealing with a specific bacterium

85
Q

Where is the multodisc used?

A

This technique is intern used in hospital labs to determine which antibiotics should be used to treat new infections

Biology (17 decks)

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