Micronutrients

Question 1

Micronutrients are needed in relatively _________ amounts, and they enable the body to produce _________, __________, and other substances essential for growth and development.

Answer 1

SMALL
\+
ENZYMES
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HORMONES

Question 2

Micronutrients are tiny, but consequences of their absence are __________.

Answer 2

SEVERE

Question 3

Name the 2 subgroups of Micronutrients?

Answer 3

VITAMINS
+
MINERALS

Question 4

What are the 4 typical measurements used in terms of dosage of vitamins and minerals?

Answer 4

RDA, RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
(amt req to avoid deficiency)
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AI, ADEQUATE INTAKE
(recommended average daily intake)
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DRI, DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE
(amt required for optimal health)
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UL, UPPER LIMIT
(limit to avoid toxicity, only applies to fat-soluble vitamins)

Question 5

A vitamin is organic, and many are ____-___________, bound to protein assisting in biological activities.

Answer 5

CO-ENZYMES

Question 6

Name the form of vitamin either produced by intestinal flora or assembled from raw material?

Answer 6

PRO-VITAMINS

Question 7

What are the 2 main groups of vitamins?

Answer 7

WATER SOLUBLE
+
FAT SOLUBLE

Question 8

Name the 4 (fat) lipid-soluble vitamins?

Answer 8

VITAMIN A, D, E and K

Question 9

What is the name for vitamin toxicity that can arise from fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 9

HYPERVITAMINOSIS

Question 10

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed and stored particularly in the liver in which type of cell?

Answer 10

HEPATOCYTE

Question 11

Name the 2 most common forms of Vitamin A, and what they’re great for?

Answer 11

RETINOL - animal sources
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BETA-CAROTENE - plant sources
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NIGHT VISION and PERIPHERAL VISION

Question 12

What is required for adequate absorption of both types of Vitamin A? (2)

Answer 12

BILE SALTS
+
DIETARY LIPIDS

Question 13

Which vitamin do pregnant woman need to be careful not to over-ingest, for risk of birth defects?

Answer 13

A

Question 14

The sunshine vitamin, vitamin _____, regulates ___________ and ____________.

Answer 14

D
\+
CALCIUM
\+
PHOSPHORUS

(bone growth)

Question 15

A deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to which 2 things in adults, and which presentation in children?

Answer 15

OSTEOPEROSIS
+
OSTEOMALACIA
(RICKETS IN CHILDREN)

Question 16

Vitamin ____ is a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidization and neutralizing unstable ________ __________.

Answer 16

E
+
FREE RADICALS

Question 17

A free radical is a toxic byproduct of __________ metabolism.

Answer 17

OXYGEN

Question 18

Vitamin E promotes healthy ________ and ________.

Answer 18

HAIR and SKIN

Question 19

Deficiency of Vitamin E can lead to which 2 things?

Answer 19

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
+
FAT MALABSORPTION

Question 20

The functions of vitamin K include ________ formation, and ________ ___________.

Answer 20

BONE formation
+
BLOOD CLOTTING

(vitamin K)

Question 21

Name the 3 forms of water soluble vitamins, absorbed directly into intestinal cells?

Answer 21

B COMPLEX
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VITAMIN C
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VITAMIN H

(water soluble)

Question 22

Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to beri-beri, the partial paralysis of smooth mm of GI tract?

Answer 22

B1

Question 23

Name the water soluble version of Vitamin A?

Answer 23

B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 24

What deficiency can arise from not having enough B2 (Riboflavin)?

Answer 24

ARIBOFLAVINOSIS

eye disorders, inflamed cracked mouth

Question 25

Vitamin B3 is required for proper _____________ and healthy skin, and a deficiency would cause what?

Answer 25

B3 CIRCULATION + PELLEGRA (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

Question 26

Name the vitamin responsible for production of adrenal and steroid hormones?

Answer 26

VITAMIN B5 | deficiency, burning foot

Question 27

Vitamin _______ is required for neurotransmitter synthesis, and is a _________, good for those suffering with water retention.

Answer 27

B6 + DIAURETIC (deficiency KIDNEY STONES)

Question 28

Which vitamin prevents neuro tube defects, such as cleft palette?

Answer 28

B9

Question 29

What can a deficiency of B12 lead to? (2)

Answer 29

ANEMIA + NEUROLOGICAL DEFECT

Question 30

Name the antioxidant vitamin, which can protect the body from bruising, and the deficiency when not enough is ingested?

Answer 30

VITAMIN C + SCURVY (slow healing, loose teeth, growth probs)

Question 31

Vitamin ______ helps strengthen hair and nails.

Answer 31

H (Biotin)

Question 32

How are Vitamins different from Minerals?

Answer 32

VITAMINS - ORGANIC - FROM PLANTS/ANIMALS + MINERALS - INORGANIC - FROM EARTH

Question 33

List the 7 major MACROMINERALS?

Answer 33

``` CALCIUM + MAGNESIUM + SODIUM + CHLORIDE + SULFER + PHOSPHORUS + POTASSIUM ```

Question 34

Small imbalances of macrominerals can be potentially _______.

Answer 34

FATAL

Question 35

Name the most abundant mineral in the human body, of which the absorption depends on Vitamin D?

Answer 35

CALCIUM | bones, blood clotting, brain signals, rickets, osteos, HYPOCALCEMIA

Question 36

Magnesium affects nervous and muscular systems, and a deficiency can cause what? (3)

Answer 36

``` MOOD CHANGES + MM CRAMPS/WEAKNESS + HEADACHES ```

Question 37

__________ aids in maintaining acid-base balance in body, and water balance in mm contractions and nerve impulses.

Answer 37

SODIUM

Question 38

Name the mineral integral for the formation of cartilage, hair and nails, which aids in gastric juice formation?

Answer 38

CHLORIDE (CI)

Question 39

Which mineral aids in the formation of bones and teeth?

Answer 39

PHOSPHORUS

Question 40

Which mineral regulates blood pressure?

Answer 40

POTASSIUM (K)

Question 41

What are the 9 microminerals?

Answer 41

``` IRON + CHROMIUM + COPPER + IODINE + FLOURIDE + MOLYBDENUM + MANGANESE + SELENIUM + ZINC ```