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Module 104: Theme 1 > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Concerns about marginalised groups, minority groups are associated with…

A
  • Poor dietary intake
  • Excessive energy dense diets
  • Nutrient light diets
  • Extreme diets
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2
Q

Iron-deficiency anaemia

  • Definition
  • Prevalence
A

Low haemoglobin due to low iron.

Seen more in adult women and older girls.

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3
Q

Low vit.D

A

Prevalent in the UK- affects adults and older children

Increases risk of rickets and osteomalacia.

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4
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies in the UK

A

Iron- esp in women

Vit.D

B2

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5
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies associated with alcohol liver disease

A

B1

Vitamin D

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6
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies associated with IBD

A

Iron

B12

Vit D, K, B6, B1

Folic Acid

Selenium

Zinc

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7
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies associated with obesity

A

Vit D

Copper

Zinc

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8
Q

Vitamin C

  • property
  • Dietary source
A

Water soluble

Obtained from foods of plant origin

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9
Q

Site of absorption for Vit C

A

Buccal mucosa

Stomach

Small intestine

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10
Q

Vitamin C

- mechanism of absorption

A

Buccal- passive diffusion, through carrier mediated transport

Very rapid absorption when mucosal concentration is very low (<6mmol/L)
- >100mmol/L only 6% absorbed

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11
Q

Vitamin B1

  • property
  • Dietary source
  • Site of absorption
A

Water soluble

Common in all foods

Absorbed at: Jejunum and Ileum

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12
Q

Mechanism of absorption for B1

A

When low in concentration:
- Co-transport with Na+

At high concentrations (>8mg)
- Passive diffusion

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13
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

A 
Thiamine deficiency (B1)
- Found in chronic alcoholics.
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14
Q

B2

  • Other name
  • Dietary source
  • Site of absorption
A

Riboflavin

In most foods- in coenzyme form

Small intestine

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15
Q

Mechanism of absorption for B2

A
  1. Released from proteins via proteolytic enzymes.

2. Hydrolysed by brush border enzymes.

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16
Q

B12

  • Property
  • Dietary source
  • Site of absorption
A

Water soluble

Synthesised by micro-organisms in animals and concentrated in the food chain.

Absorbed in the distal ileum.

17
Q

Calcium

  • Property
  • Site of absorption
  • Dietary source
A

Inorganic element

Site of absorption:

  • Mainly duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Fermentation of plant products in colon.

Dietary source:

  • Diary
  • Plants
18
Q

Iron

  • Property
  • Site of absorption
  • Dietary source
A

Inorganic elements

Dietary source:

  • Iron in animal food
  • Iron in plant food

Site of absorption:
- Mainly proximal small intestine

19
Q

Vitamin A [retinol]

  • Property
  • Site of absorption
  • Dietary source
A

Fat soluble vitamin

Site of absorption:

  • Small intestines
  • Carotenes: jejunum and duodenum

Dietary source:

  • Long chain fatty acids in animals
  • Carotenoids in plants
20
Q

Mechanism of absorption for Vitamin A

A

The protein:

  • Hydrolysed by pepsin in the stomach.
  • Hydrolysed by other proteolytic enzymes in the upper SI, then absorbed.

Carotenes:

  • Made into micelles then absorbed.
  • Converted to retinol
21
Q

Vitamin D

  • Property
  • Site of absorption
  • Dietary source
A

Fat soluble vitamin

Found in animal food
Also synthesised from skin from UV light
- Dietary = D2
- UV= D3

Absorption:
- Half of it absorbed in the SI

22
Q

Mechanism of absorption for Vitamin D

A

At the intestinal mucosal cell- passive diffusion of micelle.

D2 and D3 converted to 25 hydroxy-vitamin D by the liver via 25-hydroxylase enzymes.
- This vitamin is then converted to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

23
Q

Mechanism of absorption for Vitamin B12

A
  1. In the stomach:
    B12 binds with R factor in HCl.
  2. B12-R Is degraded to release free B-12. B-12 combines with intrinsic factor.
  3. B12-IF binds to IF receptors. In the presence of Ca2+, B12 absorbed into plasma.
24
Q

Risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency

A

Pigmented skin

Lack of sunlight exposure

Skin concealing garments

Multiple short interval pregnancies

Elderly/ Housebound people

Vegan/ Vegetarian diet

Malabsorption conditions

Anticonvulsant use

25
Q

Mechanism of absorption for calcium

A

20-30% absorbed in acid medium

In duodenum- Vit.D dependant transport when intake is low and requirement is high.

When intake is high- passive diffusion in jejunum

26
Q

Mechanism of absorption for iron

A

Haem iron- Absorbed as intake porphyrin complex

Non haem- ionised from ferric to ferrous

35% absorbed when iron supply is low
5% absorbed when iron is high.

Module 104: Theme 1 (18 decks)

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