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Parasitology > Microevolution > Flashcards

Microevolution Flashcards

1
Q

any changes in the frequencies of alleles in a population

A

Microevolution

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2
Q

different variants at a locus

A

Alleles

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3
Q

basic unit of genetic inheritance

A

gene

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4
Q

lineup of genes

A

Pair of Chromosome

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5
Q

specific physical location of a gene or DNA sequence

A

locus

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6
Q

variants/alelles are many (2 or more alleles)

A

Polymorphic locus

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7
Q

each pair of allele

A

Genotype

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8
Q

variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome.

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)

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9
Q

SNPs are usually ____________

A

bi-allelic

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10
Q

tells us how often a variant occurs at a locus/gene over generations

A

Allele frequency

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11
Q

Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population

Three possible genotypes are homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

A

Genotype frequency

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12
Q

Frequency of occurrence or proportions of different alleles of a particular gene in a given population

Two possible alleles are dominant and recessive alleles

A

Allele frequency

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13
Q

According to the concept of _________, allelic frequency will remain constant generation to generation unless disturbed by mutations, natural selection, migration, nonrandom mating, or genetic drift

A

Genetic equilibrium

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14
Q

Populations that are not evolving are said to be in _____________ equilibrium

A

Hardy Weinberg

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15
Q

Explain Hardy Weinberg

A

When population is at equilibrium, no further change in the genotype
frequencies from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  • No natural selection
  • No mutations
  • No migration or gene flow
  • Large populations
  • Random Mating
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17
Q

Basic Mechanisms of Evolution or Change

A

A. Mutation
B. Gene flow/Migration
C. Natural Selection
D. Genetic Drift

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18
Q

Surviving individuals reproduce more often while others are eaten more often by predators

A

Natural selection

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19
Q

Mating preference for similar phenotype

A

Assortative mating

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20
Q

Mating preference for different phenotype

A

Disassortative mating

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21
Q

Three primary sources of genetic variation (sexual organisms)

A

a. Gene mixing by segregation
b. Gene mixing by recombination
c. Mutation – ultimate source of variation

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22
Q

Gene mixing/variation in prokaryotes and viruses is usually through ________________

A

mutation and horizontal gene transfer.

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23
Q

Gene mixing where two alleles coding for the same trait (diploid) separate during gamete formation (haploid).

changes the proportions of genotypes in a population

A

Segregation

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24
Q

process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA
to produce new combinations of genes

Crossovers result in this type of gene mixing

A

Recombination

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25
Q

Mutation that drastically alters phenotype and causes death

A

Lethal mutation

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26
Q

A mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction

A

Neutral mutation

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27
Q

original source of new alleles.

A

Mutation

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28
Q

T/F. Without these errors, there would be no variation, no evolution, and no life.

A

True

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29
Q

Mutation affect in single DNA base

a single DNA base is changed from one to another of its
four possible states

A

Point Mutation

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30
Q

Mutation affect more than one DNA
base

A

Structural Mutation

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31
Q

means single mutation do not alter the translated protein

A

Synonymous (silent)

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32
Q

means a single mutation can alter the translated amino acid

A

Non-synonymous

example: sickled red blood cell

33
Q

Structural Mutation may result in:

A

deletion
duplication
inversion
fission
fusion
whole genome duplication - extreme type resulting in tetraploidy

34
Q

the movement within the genome of mobile DNA elements (also
known as transposable elements or transposons

A

Transposition

35
Q

the probability that an offspring carries a new mutation which is symbolized by μ.

Ex. E. coli
Genome size = 2 x 1010
μ = 1 / 2 × 1010
Mutation rate at a single base

A

Mutation Rate

36
Q

T/F. Mutation rates vary depending on the type of mutation

A

True
Example: Transition mutations (ex. between A and G, and between C
and T) occur at a much higher rate than transversions (all others

37
Q

T/F. Mutation rate is uniform across the genome

A

False. Mutation rate can vary across the genome
Example: Mutation rates at different genomic locations can vary (ex.
Microsatellite DNA or short tandem repeats

38
Q

T/F. Mutation does not affect fitness

A

False. Mutations can be beneficial or deleterious to fitness

39
Q

The only mutations that matter to large-scale evolution are those that ___________________

A

can be passed on to offspring.

40
Q

little mutations with big effect

A

Homeotic mutations

41
Q

Is mutation random?

A

Based on mutation rate, mutation is not random

Mutations are random with respect to what will improve survival and
reproduction demonstrated thru the replica plate experiment done by Joshua and Esther Lederberg.

42
Q

Explain the replica plate experiment

A

The replica plate experiment shows that mutations in E. coli for resistance to T1 viruses occur before exposure to the virus, rather than being induced by that exposure

43
Q

Explain the Fluctuation test

A

To determine whether bacterial resistance to phages (viruses that infect bacteria) is due to random mutations or an adaptive response to the presence of the phage.

The fluctuation test supported the idea that genetic mutations in bacteria are spontaneous and occur independently of selective pressure. This experiment provided crucial evidence for the Darwinian theory of evolution, which posits that genetic variation arises randomly and natural selection acts on this variation.

44
Q

the most important evolutionary process

A

Natural selection

45
Q

The keystone to understanding how evolution works is the

A

genetical theory of natural
selection

46
Q

T/F. Natural selection can cause microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with fitness increasing alleles becoming more common in the population.

A

True

47
Q

is any consistent difference in fitness among different classes of
biological entities

A

Natural selection

48
Q

Why did the melanic mutation in the peppered moth suddenly spread?

A

Higher rates of reproduction in individuals with the mutation due to selective pressure

49
Q

T/F. Selection can occur among genes, cell types, individual organisms, populations or species

A

True

50
Q

Levels of Selection

A

Genic selection
Kin selection
Group selection
Species selection

51
Q

transmitted at a higher rate than the rest of an individual’s genome and are detrimental to the organisms

A

selfish genetic elements

52
Q

Any gene that has successfully increased in frequency is a

A

selfish gene

53
Q

An allele for altruistic behavior can increase in frequency in a population if the beneficiaries of the behavior are usually
related to the individual who performs it

A

Kin Selection

54
Q

a feature that reduces the fitness of an individual that bears it for the benefit of the population or species

cannot evolve by individual selection

A

altruistic trait

55
Q

Types of social interactions among members of the same species

A
  1. Mutualistic
  2. Altruistic
  3. Selfish
  4. Spiteful
56
Q

differential production or survival of groups that differ in genetic composition

A

Group Selection

57
Q

When the groups involved are species
and there is a correlation between
some characteristic and the rate of speciation
or extinction

A

Species Selection

58
Q

Two conditions of Evolution by Selection

A
  1. Selection
  2. Inheritance
59
Q

(probability that the individual survives to
maturity) X (expected number of offspring if the
individual does survive

A

Absolute Fitness

60
Q

determine the speed & outcome of evolution

A

Relative Fitness

61
Q

Different consequence of Selection

A
  1. Eliminate genetic variation
  2. Maintain genetic variation
    (polymorphic equilibrium)
62
Q

Whenever allele has higher fitness than the other

A

Positive Selection

63
Q

A single homogeneous pools of gene

A

Population

64
Q

Every individual is equally likely to mate or interact with
every other and that all individuals experience the same conditions

A

Panmixis

65
Q

Any population that deviates from ideal panmixis is __________

A

structured population

66
Q

a change in space of a trait mean or an allele frequency

A

Clines

67
Q

T.F. Gene flow will eventually make the population homogeneous

A

True

68
Q

Effects of gene flow?

A

It equalizes allele frequencies

introduce new alleles into a population (same as mutation)

69
Q

Gene flow results from ___________

A

active or passive dispersal

70
Q

the fraction of individuals in a population that arrives from another
population in each generation (m)

A

Migration rate

71
Q

If 120 individuals in a population of size 1000 are immigrants, then the migration rate is __________

A

m= No. of immigrants / total number of population

m = 0.12

72
Q

T/F. Demes exchange genes with a pool of migrants, allele frequencies in individual demes fluctuate at random over time , but the population as whole reaches as a steady statistical distribution

A

True

73
Q

T/F. FST decreases as the distance between pairs of populations increases

A

False. FST increases

74
Q

Most basic source of randomness:

A

the random outcome of individual reproduction

75
Q

Evolution that results from chance events of survival, reproduction
and inheritance.

A

Genetic drift

76
Q

What are the two sets of circumstances can create small populations for which genetic drift can have major consequences

A

the population bottleneck and the founder effect.

77
Q

T/F. Larger population sizes cause bigger random changes in allele frequencies in each generation

A

False. Smaller population sizes

78
Q

Five fundamentals of drift

A

a. Unbiased
b. Random fluctuations in allele frequency are larger in smaller
populations
c. Drift causes genetic variation to be lost
d. Drift causes populations that are initially identical to become
different
e. An allele can become fixed without the benefit of natural selection

79
Q

The strength of random genetic drift in a population is measured by the :

A

effective population size, represented by the symbol Ne

Parasitology (6 decks)

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