Microevolution

Question 1

any changes in the frequencies of alleles in a population

Answer 1

Microevolution

Question 2

different variants at a locus

Answer 2

Alleles

Question 3

basic unit of genetic inheritance

Answer 3

gene

Question 4

lineup of genes

Answer 4

Pair of Chromosome

Question 5

specific physical location of a gene or DNA sequence

Answer 5

locus

Question 6

variants/alelles are many (2 or more alleles)

Answer 6

Polymorphic locus

Question 7

each pair of allele

Answer 7

Genotype

Question 8

variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome.

Answer 8

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)

Question 9

SNPs are usually ____________

Answer 9

bi-allelic

Question 10

tells us how often a variant occurs at a locus/gene over generations

Answer 10

Allele frequency

Question 11

Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population

Three possible genotypes are homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

Answer 11

Genotype frequency

Question 12

Frequency of occurrence or proportions of different alleles of a particular gene in a given population

Two possible alleles are dominant and recessive alleles

Answer 12

Allele frequency

Question 13

According to the concept of _________, allelic frequency will remain constant generation to generation unless disturbed by mutations, natural selection, migration, nonrandom mating, or genetic drift

Answer 13

Genetic equilibrium

Question 14

Populations that are not evolving are said to be in _____________ equilibrium

Answer 14

Hardy Weinberg

Question 15

Explain Hardy Weinberg

Answer 15

When population is at equilibrium, no further change in the genotype
frequencies from one generation to the next

Question 16

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 16

• No natural selection
• No mutations
• No migration or gene flow
• Large populations
• Random Mating

Question 17

Basic Mechanisms of Evolution or Change

Answer 17

A. Mutation
B. Gene flow/Migration
C. Natural Selection
D. Genetic Drift

Question 18

Surviving individuals reproduce more often while others are eaten more often by predators

Answer 18

Natural selection

Question 19

Mating preference for similar phenotype

Answer 19

Assortative mating

Question 20

Mating preference for different phenotype

Answer 20

Disassortative mating

Question 21

Three primary sources of genetic variation (sexual organisms)

Answer 21

a. Gene mixing by segregation
b. Gene mixing by recombination
c. Mutation – ultimate source of variation

Question 22

Gene mixing/variation in prokaryotes and viruses is usually through ________________

Answer 22

mutation and horizontal gene transfer.

Question 23

Gene mixing where two alleles coding for the same trait (diploid) separate during gamete formation (haploid).

changes the proportions of genotypes in a population

Answer 23

Segregation

Question 24

process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA
to produce new combinations of genes

Crossovers result in this type of gene mixing

Answer 24

Recombination

Question 25

Mutation that drastically alters phenotype and causes death

Answer 25

Lethal mutation

Question 26

A mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction

Answer 26

Neutral mutation

Question 27

original source of new alleles.

Answer 27

Mutation

Question 28

T/F. Without these errors, there would be no variation, no evolution, and no life.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Mutation affect in single DNA base a single DNA base is changed from one to another of its four possible states

Answer 29

Point Mutation

Question 30

Mutation affect more than one DNA base

Answer 30

Structural Mutation

Question 31

means single mutation do not alter the translated protein

Answer 31

Synonymous (silent)

Question 32

means a single mutation can alter the translated amino acid

Answer 32

Non-synonymous example: sickled red blood cell

Question 33

Structural Mutation may result in:

Answer 33

deletion duplication inversion fission fusion whole genome duplication - extreme type resulting in tetraploidy

Question 34

the movement within the genome of mobile DNA elements (also known as transposable elements or transposons

Answer 34

Transposition

Question 35

the probability that an offspring carries a new mutation which is symbolized by μ. Ex. E. coli Genome size = 2 x 1010 μ = 1 / 2 × 1010 Mutation rate at a single base

Answer 35

Mutation Rate

Question 36

T/F. Mutation rates vary depending on the type of mutation

Answer 36

True Example: Transition mutations (ex. between A and G, and between C and T) occur at a much higher rate than transversions (all others

Question 37

T/F. Mutation rate is uniform across the genome

Answer 37

False. Mutation rate can vary across the genome Example: Mutation rates at different genomic locations can vary (ex. Microsatellite DNA or short tandem repeats

Question 38

T/F. Mutation does not affect fitness

Answer 38

False. Mutations can be beneficial or deleterious to fitness

Question 39

The only mutations that matter to large-scale evolution are those that ___________________

Answer 39

can be passed on to offspring.

Question 40

little mutations with big effect

Answer 40

Homeotic mutations

Question 41

Is mutation random?

Answer 41

Based on mutation rate, mutation is not random Mutations are random with respect to what will improve survival and reproduction demonstrated thru the replica plate experiment done by Joshua and Esther Lederberg.

Question 42

Explain the replica plate experiment

Answer 42

The replica plate experiment shows that mutations in E. coli for resistance to T1 viruses occur before exposure to the virus, rather than being induced by that exposure

Question 43

Explain the Fluctuation test

Answer 43

To determine whether bacterial resistance to phages (viruses that infect bacteria) is due to random mutations or an adaptive response to the presence of the phage. The fluctuation test supported the idea that genetic mutations in bacteria are spontaneous and occur independently of selective pressure. This experiment provided crucial evidence for the Darwinian theory of evolution, which posits that genetic variation arises randomly and natural selection acts on this variation.

Question 44

the most important evolutionary process

Answer 44

Natural selection

Question 45

The keystone to understanding how evolution works is the

Answer 45

genetical theory of natural selection

Question 46

T/F. Natural selection can cause microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with fitness increasing alleles becoming more common in the population.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

is any consistent difference in fitness among different classes of biological entities

Answer 47

Natural selection

Question 48

Why did the melanic mutation in the peppered moth suddenly spread?

Answer 48

Higher rates of reproduction in individuals with the mutation due to selective pressure

Question 49

T/F. Selection can occur among genes, cell types, individual organisms, populations or species

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Levels of Selection

Answer 50

Genic selection Kin selection Group selection Species selection

Question 51

transmitted at a higher rate than the rest of an individual’s genome and are detrimental to the organisms

Answer 51

selfish genetic elements

Question 52

Any gene that has successfully increased in frequency is a

Answer 52

selfish gene

Question 53

An allele for altruistic behavior can increase in frequency in a population if the beneficiaries of the behavior are usually related to the individual who performs it

Answer 53

Kin Selection

Question 54

a feature that reduces the fitness of an individual that bears it for the benefit of the population or species cannot evolve by individual selection

Answer 54

altruistic trait

Question 55

Types of social interactions among members of the same species

Answer 55

1. Mutualistic 2. Altruistic 3. Selfish 4. Spiteful

Question 56

differential production or survival of groups that differ in genetic composition

Answer 56

Group Selection

Question 57

When the groups involved are species and there is a correlation between some characteristic and the rate of speciation or extinction

Answer 57

Species Selection

Question 58

Two conditions of Evolution by Selection

Answer 58

1. Selection 2. Inheritance

Question 59

(probability that the individual survives to maturity) X (expected number of offspring if the individual does survive

Answer 59

Absolute Fitness

Question 60

determine the speed & outcome of evolution

Answer 60

Relative Fitness

Question 61

Different consequence of Selection

Answer 61

1. Eliminate genetic variation 2. Maintain genetic variation (polymorphic equilibrium)

Question 62

Whenever allele has higher fitness than the other

Answer 62

Positive Selection

Question 63

A single homogeneous pools of gene

Answer 63

Population

Question 64

Every individual is equally likely to mate or interact with every other and that all individuals experience the same conditions

Answer 64

Panmixis

Question 65

Any population that deviates from ideal panmixis is __________

Answer 65

structured population

Question 66

a change in space of a trait mean or an allele frequency

Answer 66

Clines

Question 67

T.F. Gene flow will eventually make the population homogeneous

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Effects of gene flow?

Answer 68

It equalizes allele frequencies introduce new alleles into a population (same as mutation)

Question 69

Gene flow results from ___________

Answer 69

active or passive dispersal

Question 70

the fraction of individuals in a population that arrives from another population in each generation (m)

Answer 70

Migration rate

Question 71

If 120 individuals in a population of size 1000 are immigrants, then the migration rate is __________

Answer 71

m= No. of immigrants / total number of population m = 0.12

Question 72

T/F. Demes exchange genes with a pool of migrants, allele frequencies in individual demes fluctuate at random over time , but the population as whole reaches as a steady statistical distribution

Answer 72

True

Question 73

T/F. FST decreases as the distance between pairs of populations increases

Answer 73

False. FST increases

Question 74

Most basic source of randomness:

Answer 74

the random outcome of individual reproduction

Question 75

Evolution that results from chance events of survival, reproduction and inheritance.

Answer 75

Genetic drift

Question 76

What are the two sets of circumstances can create small populations for which genetic drift can have major consequences

Answer 76

the population bottleneck and the founder effect.

Question 77

T/F. Larger population sizes cause bigger random changes in allele frequencies in each generation

Answer 77

False. Smaller population sizes

Question 78

Five fundamentals of drift

Answer 78

a. Unbiased b. Random fluctuations in allele frequency are larger in smaller populations c. Drift causes genetic variation to be lost d. Drift causes populations that are initially identical to become different e. An allele can become fixed without the benefit of natural selection

Question 79

The strength of random genetic drift in a population is measured by the :

Answer 79

effective population size, represented by the symbol Ne