Microbiome Flashcards
Microbiome/Normal Flora Def
Organisms typically present at an anatomical site. Some exist without host interactions
Colonisation Def
Presence of microorganisms on a body’s surface without damage done to host
Infection Def
Microorganism invasion of body tissue
Resident colonisers Def
Microorganisms that live in deep tissue in body permanently. Aren’t spread
Transient Orgnaisms Def
Microrganisms that live on superficial areas of body. Come and go. Can be spread
Symbiosis Def
The effects between 2+ organisms in close association on eachother
Mutualism Def
All organisms benefit from association
Parasitism Def
parasite benefits, host is damaged from association
Commensalism Def
Parasite is damaged, host benefits from association
Antagonism Def
All organisms are disadvantaged from the association
Examples of microbes in the microbiome
bacteria, bacteriophage, fungi, protozoa and viruses (analysed by the presence of their genome)
Human Virome Def
Genomes of viruses and bacteriophages in human body
Humane Mycobiome Def
Genomes of fungi in human body
Opportunistic Pathogen Def
Pathogen of low virulence that only cause disease in immune compromised host
Overt Pathogen Def
Pathogen of low virulence that cause disease in most hosts (including healthy)
How microbiome may differ between patients
sex, age, diet and cultural environment (and antibiotic courses)
Factors effecting fetal microbiome
Maternal diet, antibiotic use and health status
Can hormones impact micobiome
Yes
Can c-section vs vaginal birth and breast vs bottle feeding impact microbiome
Yes
How microorganisms benefit from human host
nutrient supply and stable enviorment (temp, pH and protection)
How humans benefit from bacteria
Nutrient (eg brakdown of vit K), stimulates longterm immunity (antibody production) and precvent pathogen growth (competition)
Main organism present on skin and conditions it exists in
Staph epidermidis. Organisms need to be salt and water resistant due to sweating. Most densely populated areas are groin and between the toes. Acidic (pH 3-5)
Main organism nasopharyngeal
Streptococcal species
Large intestine main microorganism and conditions
Bacteroides spp. Most dense site of normal flora. Population can be infererd by species in faeces (organisms are lost from intestines daily due to peristalsis and squamation). Micrrorganisms are constantly being replaced to maintain homeostasis
Vagina main microorganism and condition
Lactobacilli (mainly during reproductive years). Low pH maintained by bacteria.
Locations in oral cavity where microorganisms are present
Tooth surface (aerobes), mucosa and gingival cavities (anaerobes)
What ressistance in microorganisms needs to survive
mechanical removal (swallowing and chewing) and salivary flow. Pathogens with biofilm require physical removal to prevent disease
Colonisation state of upper gastro-urinary system
Kidney, bladder and ureters are usually free of microorganisms
Example of dyspepsia resulting in disease
Appendicitis is caused by migration of microorganism from the large intestine to the appendix.
Probiotics Outline
Administered orally to promote microbiome growth eg lactobacillus fermentum
Fecal Matter Transport Outline
Transfer of treated and screened donor stool to patient via enema, colonoscopy or pill. Risk minimised by extensive screening
