Immunisation Flashcards
Antigen Def
Live or inactivated substance capable of eliciting immune response
Antibody Def
Protein produced by B cells in response to antigen
Adjuvant Def
Substance that increases antibody response. Used in combinate vaccines (eg aluminium phosphate or aluminium hydroxide)
Adverse Reaction Def
An unexpected medical occurrence following immunisation. Doesn’t have to be direct result
Immunisation Def
Artificially inducing immunity without an infectious disease. Sucess indicated by antibodies in serum. Either passive or active
Passive Immunisation Outline
Antibody created outside of body transferred to body. No memory (only short term immunity). Used for people exposed to specific antigen (particularly for immunocompromised)
Passive Immunity Examples
Transplacental, heterologous hyperimmune serum, monoclonal antibodies and IV immunoglobins
Active Immunisation Outline
Administration of antigenic substances to stimulate primary immune response (B and T cell proliferation). Produces memory cells (long term). Similar to natural infection without risk of disease. 2 types: live-attuned and non-live
Secondary Immune Response Outline
Body is quick at neutralising infection it was previously exposed to due to memory cells
Live Agents
Attenuated (weakened) pathogen, can replicate, not as strong. Gradual immune response to peak and the decline. Long term immunity. Egs rubella, measles and polio. Not used in immunocompromised individuals
Non-live vaccines
No replication and no disease risk. Types: whole, toxoid, fractional and nucleic acid based. More accurate vaccine is to pathogen, the better the immunity
Whole inactivated pathogen Outline
Dead pathogen (can’t replicate) and injected. Not as effective as live (needs multiple doses). Mainly humoral response. Antibody titre falls overtime. Eg Hepatitis A and activated polio
Toxoid Vaccines Outline
Modified bacterial toxin that isn’t toxic but is still antigenic. Eg tetanus
Fractional Vaccines Outline
Protein/polysaccharide based. Contains polysaccharides from bacterial capsule or antigenic proteins eg adult pnemococcal vaccine
Conjugate polysaccharide vaccine Outline
Polysaccharide chemically linked to protein elicites stronger immune response. Antibody booster response to multiple vaccines
Small Pox Vaccine Examples
Live attenuated virus. Led to the eradication of small px (fever and postulating rash) 13 years after program was introduced (last natural case occured 11 years after program)
When to delay vaccine administration
After acute febrile (fever inducing) infection, recent antibody administration (reduce effects) and after type 3 hypersensitivity (erythrma and swelling at point of administration). Do not readminister a vaccine at all if anaphylaxis occurs. Don’t use live vaccines in pregnancy, immunodeficiency or rotavirus
Factors that don’t require avoiding immunisation
fevers <38 degrees C, history of convulsions, short term corticosteroid (or long term <20 mg/day), mild allergy, hay fever, eczema or asthma
Adverse Event Following Immunisation Def
A negative event after immunisation that doesn’t have a direct link to immunisation
Adverse Vaccine reaction Def
A negative event following immunisation with a direct link. Note: the rate of AVRs is much lower then the rate of morbidity of disease without immunisation
Hepatitis B Vaccine Outline
2 types: recombinant vaccine with adjuvant (active. 3 doses given from 0-6 months) and prophylaxis after exposure (passive)
Influenza Vaccination Outline
Non-live (administered anually to account for mutations, contains proteins) and live attenuated
