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Y3 IWB > MICROBIOLOGY- Vaccination to prevent infection > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY- Vaccination to prevent infection Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 ways our body protects us from infection

A
  1. Innate immunereponse

2. Adaptive immune response

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2
Q

How does our innate immune repose protect us?

A
  1. Anatomical barriers
  2. Temperature, pH
  3. Chemical eg enzymes, complement interferons
  4. Cellular
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3
Q

Which cells are involved in our adaptive immune response

A 
B cells (humoral)
T cells (cell mediated immunity)
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4
Q

Name cells involved in the innate immune response

A
  1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

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5
Q

Define immunisation

A

Conferring immunity by artificial means

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6
Q

Define vaccination

A

Conferring immunity to a disease using a vaccine or special antigenic material to stimulate the formation of appropriate antibodies

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7
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Using antibodies derived from another host

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8
Q

What is active immunity

A

Modified, killed, pathogens or their antigenic products presented in a way that stimulated an immune response

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9
Q

Name the 3 ways we can prepare antibodies derived from humans

A
  1. Hyperimmune where we screen donors with appropriate antibodies
  2. Normal immunoglobulin
  3. Humanised monoclonal antibodies
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10
Q

How long do antibodies live?

A

3-4 weeks

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity

A

Antibodies are short lived so no long term memory or protection to re infection

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12
Q

What type of vaccines do we have?

A
  1. Live vaccines

2. Antigenic component vaccines (Dead vaccines)

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13
Q

How do we use live organisms in a virus

A
  1. Inoculation via a different route
  2. Jennerian approach
  3. Attenuate the virus
  4. genetically modify the virus
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14
Q

Give an example of a live vaccine we inoculate via a different route

A

Adenovirus vaccines

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15
Q

What is the jennerian approach

A

We use an animal virus that is antigenically related to the virus we want vaccinate from

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16
Q

Give an example of a live vaccine we use the jennerian approach to vaccinator from

A

Rotavirus

17
Q

How do we use antigenic compounds in a virus

A
  1. Killed
  2. Use the toxoid
  3. Partially purified
  4. Recombinant DNA
  5. DNA viruses
18
Q

Gives some advantages of live vaccines

A
  1. More closely mimics natural infection

2. Only need 1-2 immunisations

19
Q

Give some disadvantages of live vaccines

A
  1. May get systemic side effects
  2. No boosting effect (low antigenic load)
  3. Require cold chain
20
Q

Give some advantages of non live vaccines

A
  1. Boosting effect (high antigenic load)

2. Only local side effects

21
Q

Give some disadvantages of non love vaccines

A
  1. Have to give multiple doses to produce sustainable responses
  2. Requires adjuvants
22
Q

What are adjuvants

A

Agents which modify effect of others

23
Q

What do we want adjuvants to do in immunology

A

Augemnt the repose to immunogenicity (antigens)

24
Q

Give some examples of adjuvants

A
  1. Freunds

2. Aluminium hydroxide

25
Q

What are the benefits of adjuvants

A

They improve antibody response to antigens

26
Q

How do adjuvants improve antibody response

A
  1. Translocate antigens to lymph nodes
  2. Prolong delivery
  3. Stimulate inflammation and ligands for toll like receipts
27
Q

Are polysaccharide vaccines effective on their own?

A

No they are poorly immunogenic especially in young children

28
Q

How can we improve polysaccharide vaccines

A

By covalently linking these to a happen (protein) to make them t dependent antibodies

29
Q

What do we call polysaccharide vaccines that have had protein linked with them?

A

Conjugated vaccines

30
Q

What is the advantages of having a universal vaccine

A

We can immunise the whole population and this can help stop the vaccine spreading (herd immunity)

31
Q

Give examples of infection that we are carrying out targeted vaccination against

A
  1. TB
  2. Hep B
  3. Varicella zoster vaccine (chicken pox)
32
Q

Name some vaccines recommended for travellers

A
  1. Hep A
  2. Rabies
  3. Yellow fever
  4. Typhoid
  5. Japanese encephalitis
33
Q

What is vaccine efficacy

A

Effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent disease (NOT necessarily prevent infection)

34
Q

Give an example of how we can test vaccine efficacy

A

By checking the ability of the vaccine to induce antibodies

35
Q

What does the ability of a vaccine to eradicate disease depend on?

A

Depend on:

  1. Ability to prevent infection
  2. Efficacy of virus
  3. Infectivity of organism

Y3 IWB (31 decks)

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