Microbiology Unit 5 Flashcards
What are the cell walls of most eukaryotic microbes (excluding fungi) made of?
Cellulose
What are the cell walls of most fungi made of?
Chitin
What does the RER have that the SER does not?
Ribosomes embedded in in structure
What is the RER used for?
What is the smooth ER used for?
RER is used for protein synthesis/modification/transport
SER is used for synthesis, transport, modification storage of lipids
Transport Vesicle
A vesicle that carries proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus
Condensing vesicle
Secretory vesicle
A vesicle that transports completed proteins from the Golgi apparatus to organelles
A vesicle that transports completed proteins out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
completes protein synthesis and transports proteins
Lysosome
Vesicle that contains an enzyme
Vacuole
Membrane bound sac that contains food or waste
Phagosomes
A vacuole merged with a lysosome, to break down either food or waste
Cristae
Inner folds of a mitochondrion
What are ribosomes made of?
Non-membrane-bound RNA and proteins
What are the two types of microscopic fungi?
Hyphae (Mold; long, filamentous fungi)
Yeast (ovoid, reproduces via budding)
Mycosis
Any disease caused by a fungus
Helminth
Parasitic worm
Mixotroph
Organism that can can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic
Osmotrophy
Absorption of soluble products by a protist
What is the difference between protozoa and algae?
Protozoa are heterotrophs and algae are autotrophs
Holozoic nutrition
A solid nutrient acquired by phagocytosis
Ectoplasm
Outer viscous layer of cytoplasm just underneath cell membrane (Protists only)
Endoplasm
Inner thinner layer of cytoplasm (Protists only)
Contractile Vacuole
Vacuole that expels excess water to prevent cell lysis
Encystment
Entrance of a protist into suspended animation in response to harsh environmental condition
What percent of diseases are caused by eukaryotic parasites?
20%
Aside from amoebas, what organisms are considered amoebazoans?
2 types of slime molds
Myxogastria
Dictyostelia
Amebiasis
Amoebic Dysentery
Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
asymptomatic in 90% of cases, but can degrade small intestinal walls and steal nutrients from host
What two types of amoeba infect the brain?
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
Where are brain-eating amoebas usually found?
Warm standing water
Balantidium coli
A ciliate protozoa that parasitizes the intestine and causes diarrhea
Found in domestic livestock
Trichomonas
Flagellated, pear-shaped protozoa
Causes trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis
STD caused by trichomonas protist
Causes inflammation, discharge
Giardia intestinalis
Heart-shaped flagellated protist that causes giardiasis/giardia
Contracted by drinking (clean-seeming) water, carried by almost all mammals in U.S.
Causes GI problems
Euglenozoa/euglid
Ovoid flagellated protist that is non-parasitic
About 1/3 are photosynthetic
Found in fresh water
Has an eye spot, pellicle, crystalline rod; lacks cell wall
Hemoflagellates
Flagellated protists that are obligate parasites
Live in blood
Vector-borne (spread by insect bites) in tropical regions
Trypanosoma
Genus of euglenozoa that are also hemoflagellates
4 stages of hemoflagellate life cycle
Amastigote: (No flagella, no undulating membrane)
Promastigote: (Single flagellum, no undulating membrane)
Epimastigote (Single flagellum, undulating membrane)
Trypomastigote (Fully formed)
T. brucei
Trypansomone that causes African sleeping sickness
Spread by bite of tsetse flies
Causes sleep disturbance, tremors, paralysis, coma
MUST be caught and treated before it spreads to CNS
T. cruzi
Trypanosome that causes Chagas disease/kissing disease
Spread by reduviid bug (it bites near the mouth and defecates in the bite)
Causes lesion, fever, swelling of lymph nodes/spleen/liver/heart
Apicomplexans
Unicellular, spore-forming, nonmotile protists that parasitize animals
Names from apical complex (tip) that is used to penetrate hos cells
Plasmodium
Apicompexan that causes malaria
Spread mainly by mosquito bites, but can also spread through food and water
Causes chills/fever, sweating, anemia, spleen/liver enlargement
Schizogony
Asexual division of a protozoa
What are the three phases of plasmodium life cycle?
- Sporozoites (mature plasmodium injected into human host, travels to liver and produces merozoites)
- Merozoite (Enters red blood cells and produces trophozoites until RBC bursts)
- Trophozoites (Gametes that are absorbed by mosquito, travels to salivary glands and produces sporozoites)
Toxoplasma gondii
Coccidian, apicomplexan protist that causes toxoplasmosis
Carried by many mammals, but require cats for sexual reproduction
Acquired by eating raw meat or substances infected by cat feces
Usually asymptomatic, but can cause brain/heart damage in fetuses and AIDS patients
Cystoisospora belli
Coccidial, apicomplexan protist that causes coccidiosis
Fecal-oral route, lab contact
Malaise, n/v, diarrhea (can be bloody), fatty stools, abd cramps, weight loss
Frustule
Two-piece cell wall made of silica (AKA glass)
Exclusive to diatoms
Definitive host
host in which helminths live as adults and mate
Intermediate Host
Host in which larval development of a helminth occurs
Transport host
A helminth host that experiences no parasitic development
Roundworm
Nematodes, most numerous animals
Most are free-living, but some are parasitic
Two types of parasitic roundworms
Intestinal nematodes
Tissue nematodes
5 types of intestinal nematodes and their diseases
- Ascaris lumbricoides / ascariasis
- Trichuris trichiura / whipworm (trichuriasis)
- Enterobius vermicularis / pinworm/seatworm (enterobiasis)
- Necator americanus / hookworm
- Ancylostoma duodenale / also hookworm
Filariasis
Chronic deforming disease caused by tissue neamtodes
Tape test
test used to diagnose for pinworms
Place a piece of tape on the anus and remove (preferably at night) and remove. If pt has pinworm, eggs will be present)
Which intestinal nematodes can also infect feet and cause anemia?
Hookworms
How are intestinal nematodes spread?
How are tissue nematodes spread?
Fecal-oral
Arthropod bites
Wucheria bancrofti
tissue nematode that causes elephantiasis
Causes extreme swelling of extremities due to blockage of lymph nodes
Trematodes / Flukes
Flatworms with ovoid, flat bodies
Infect blood, liver, lungs
Often use snails and fish as intermediate hosts
Schistosomiasis
Disease caused by blood fluke
Spread to humans from freshwater snails vis feces
Infects liver, intestine, bladder, causes chronic organ enlargement
what are the 3 stages of blood flukes?
Miracidium (larval 1)
Cercaria (Larval 2)
Schistosome (adult)
What are the two species of liver flukes?
Opisthorcis (Clonorchis) sinensis (spread by undercooked fish)
Fasciola hepatica (spread by raw plants grown in/near water)
Paragonimus westermani
Lung fluke
Spread by eating undercooked crustaceans
Cestode
Tapeworm
What are the two main species of tapeworm?
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
Taeniasis
tapeworm infection
Scolex
Proglottid
Strobila
The head of a tapeworm w/ hooks/suckers
Sacs within a tapeworm that contain reproductive structures
The body of a tapeworm, consisting of a chain of proglottids
Cysticercosis
infection/encystment of taenia solinum in tissues
Can cause seizures/psych disorders if infect nervous system
Ectoparasite
Parasites that live outside the host
(ticks, mosquitos, etc)
Two types of ticks
Ixodid/hard ticks
Argasid/soft ticks
Hypha
Individual thread of a mycelium
Microsporidia
Unicellular, parasitic fungi that lack mitochondria
opportunistic
Chytrids
Aquatic fungi, have flagella
Zygomycota
Terrestrial fungi that produce zygospores
includes bread molds
Glomeromycota / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi
Terrestrial fungi that engage in symbiotic relationships w/ plant roots
Only reproduce asexually
Ascomycotans / Sac fungi
Form ascus, or sac, structures externally
Includes truffles, morels, lichens, mildew, penicillin
Basidiomycota / Club Fungi
Cap mushrooms
Basidiospores
Basidium
Spores released by club fungi
reproductive structure on mushroom gills
What part of the body to fungi usually infect?
Lungs
Mycosis
General term for a fungal disease
Thermal dimorphism
Ability for some fungi to grow as molds in colder temperatures (30 C) and yeasts at higher temperatures (37 C)
Histoplamsa capsulatum
Most common true pathogen amongst fungi, causes histoplasmosis / Ohio Valley fever
Found globally in bird droppings, most common in east and central U.S.
Lung infection that can lead to chronic lung disease and multiple organ involvement (systemic)
Serious cases may require chemo
Coccidionycosis / Valley Fever
Systemic fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis
Lives in alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
Endemic to SW U.S.
Lungs, skin, bones, CNS
Lung infection, raised black lumps on skin
Fungomas
Nodules in lungs caused by chronic coccidiomycosis
Sporotrichosis / Rose Gardener’s Disease
Subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii
Forms nodule beneath skin, spreads to nearby lymph nodes
Mycetoma
Accidental implantation of soil microbes in skin
Causes progressive, tumor-like chronic infection
Dermatophytoses
Infections strictly confined to keratinized epidermis (skin, hair, nails)
Cutaneous epinermis
All associated fungi are called tinea/ringworm
Tineas Cruris
Jock itch
cutaneous mycosis /dermatophytosis of groin/scrotum
Candida albicans
yeast that acts as opportunistic infection
Can range from superficial skin irritation to fatal systemic diseases
yeast infection, thrush, cutaneous candidiasis
Where do cutaneous candidiasis infections occur?
Chronically moist areas (e.g. fat rolls), burn patients
Cryptococcus neoformans
Opportunisic fungal pathogen that often infection AIDS, cancer, and diabetes pateints
Lives near pigeon roosts
Causes cough, fever, lung nodules, meningitis, death
Pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia
pneumocystis pnemonia (PCP)
Aspergillus
Genus of fungal pathogen that causes aspergillosis
Starts in lungs before moving to brain/heart
Mycotoxicosis
Allergy to fungi
Aflatoxin
Fungal toxins found in grain/corn/peanuts
Lethal to poultry and livestock
