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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Unit 5 > Flashcards

Microbiology Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell walls of most eukaryotic microbes (excluding fungi) made of?

A

Cellulose

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2
Q

What are the cell walls of most fungi made of?

A

Chitin

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3
Q

What does the RER have that the SER does not?

A

Ribosomes embedded in in structure

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4
Q

What is the RER used for?

What is the smooth ER used for?

A

RER is used for protein synthesis/modification/transport

SER is used for synthesis, transport, modification storage of lipids

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5
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

A vesicle that carries proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

Condensing vesicle

Secretory vesicle

A

A vesicle that transports completed proteins from the Golgi apparatus to organelles

A vesicle that transports completed proteins out of the cell

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

completes protein synthesis and transports proteins

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle that contains an enzyme

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane bound sac that contains food or waste

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10
Q

Phagosomes

A

A vacuole merged with a lysosome, to break down either food or waste

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11
Q

Cristae

A

Inner folds of a mitochondrion

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12
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Non-membrane-bound RNA and proteins

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13
Q

What are the two types of microscopic fungi?

A

Hyphae (Mold; long, filamentous fungi)
Yeast (ovoid, reproduces via budding)

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14
Q

Mycosis

A

Any disease caused by a fungus

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15
Q

Helminth

A

Parasitic worm

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16
Q

Mixotroph

A

Organism that can can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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17
Q

Osmotrophy

A

Absorption of soluble products by a protist

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18
Q

What is the difference between protozoa and algae?

A

Protozoa are heterotrophs and algae are autotrophs

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19
Q

Holozoic nutrition

A

A solid nutrient acquired by phagocytosis

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20
Q

Ectoplasm

A

Outer viscous layer of cytoplasm just underneath cell membrane (Protists only)

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21
Q

Endoplasm

A

Inner thinner layer of cytoplasm (Protists only)

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22
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Vacuole that expels excess water to prevent cell lysis

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23
Q

Encystment

A

Entrance of a protist into suspended animation in response to harsh environmental condition

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24
Q

What percent of diseases are caused by eukaryotic parasites?

A

20%

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25
Q

Aside from amoebas, what organisms are considered amoebazoans?

A

2 types of slime molds

Myxogastria
Dictyostelia

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26
Q

Amebiasis

A

Amoebic Dysentery

Caused by Entamoeba histolytica

asymptomatic in 90% of cases, but can degrade small intestinal walls and steal nutrients from host

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27
Q

What two types of amoeba infect the brain?

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba

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28
Q

Where are brain-eating amoebas usually found?

A

Warm standing water

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29
Q

Balantidium coli

A

A ciliate protozoa that parasitizes the intestine and causes diarrhea

Found in domestic livestock

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30
Q

Trichomonas

A

Flagellated, pear-shaped protozoa

Causes trichomoniasis

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31
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

STD caused by trichomonas protist

Causes inflammation, discharge

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32
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

Heart-shaped flagellated protist that causes giardiasis/giardia

Contracted by drinking (clean-seeming) water, carried by almost all mammals in U.S.

Causes GI problems

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33
Q

Euglenozoa/euglid

A

Ovoid flagellated protist that is non-parasitic

About 1/3 are photosynthetic

Found in fresh water

Has an eye spot, pellicle, crystalline rod; lacks cell wall

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34
Q

Hemoflagellates

A

Flagellated protists that are obligate parasites

Live in blood

Vector-borne (spread by insect bites) in tropical regions

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35
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Genus of euglenozoa that are also hemoflagellates

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36
Q

4 stages of hemoflagellate life cycle

A

Amastigote: (No flagella, no undulating membrane)
Promastigote: (Single flagellum, no undulating membrane)
Epimastigote (Single flagellum, undulating membrane)
Trypomastigote (Fully formed)

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37
Q

T. brucei

A

Trypansomone that causes African sleeping sickness

Spread by bite of tsetse flies

Causes sleep disturbance, tremors, paralysis, coma

MUST be caught and treated before it spreads to CNS

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38
Q

T. cruzi

A

Trypanosome that causes Chagas disease/kissing disease

Spread by reduviid bug (it bites near the mouth and defecates in the bite)

Causes lesion, fever, swelling of lymph nodes/spleen/liver/heart

39
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Unicellular, spore-forming, nonmotile protists that parasitize animals

Names from apical complex (tip) that is used to penetrate hos cells

40
Q

Plasmodium

A

Apicompexan that causes malaria

Spread mainly by mosquito bites, but can also spread through food and water

Causes chills/fever, sweating, anemia, spleen/liver enlargement

41
Q

Schizogony

A

Asexual division of a protozoa

42
Q

What are the three phases of plasmodium life cycle?

A
  • Sporozoites (mature plasmodium injected into human host, travels to liver and produces merozoites)
  • Merozoite (Enters red blood cells and produces trophozoites until RBC bursts)
  • Trophozoites (Gametes that are absorbed by mosquito, travels to salivary glands and produces sporozoites)
43
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Coccidian, apicomplexan protist that causes toxoplasmosis

Carried by many mammals, but require cats for sexual reproduction

Acquired by eating raw meat or substances infected by cat feces

Usually asymptomatic, but can cause brain/heart damage in fetuses and AIDS patients

44
Q

Cystoisospora belli

A

Coccidial, apicomplexan protist that causes coccidiosis

Fecal-oral route, lab contact

Malaise, n/v, diarrhea (can be bloody), fatty stools, abd cramps, weight loss

45
Q

Frustule

A

Two-piece cell wall made of silica (AKA glass)

Exclusive to diatoms

46
Q

Definitive host

A

host in which helminths live as adults and mate

47
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Host in which larval development of a helminth occurs

48
Q

Transport host

A

A helminth host that experiences no parasitic development

49
Q

Roundworm

A

Nematodes, most numerous animals

Most are free-living, but some are parasitic

50
Q

Two types of parasitic roundworms

A

Intestinal nematodes
Tissue nematodes

51
Q

5 types of intestinal nematodes and their diseases

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides / ascariasis
  • Trichuris trichiura / whipworm (trichuriasis)
  • Enterobius vermicularis / pinworm/seatworm (enterobiasis)
  • Necator americanus / hookworm
  • Ancylostoma duodenale / also hookworm
52
Q

Filariasis

A

Chronic deforming disease caused by tissue neamtodes

53
Q

Tape test

A

test used to diagnose for pinworms

Place a piece of tape on the anus and remove (preferably at night) and remove. If pt has pinworm, eggs will be present)

54
Q

Which intestinal nematodes can also infect feet and cause anemia?

A

Hookworms

55
Q

How are intestinal nematodes spread?

How are tissue nematodes spread?

A

Fecal-oral

Arthropod bites

56
Q

Wucheria bancrofti

A

tissue nematode that causes elephantiasis

Causes extreme swelling of extremities due to blockage of lymph nodes

57
Q

Trematodes / Flukes

A

Flatworms with ovoid, flat bodies

Infect blood, liver, lungs

Often use snails and fish as intermediate hosts

58
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Disease caused by blood fluke

Spread to humans from freshwater snails vis feces

Infects liver, intestine, bladder, causes chronic organ enlargement

59
Q

what are the 3 stages of blood flukes?

A

Miracidium (larval 1)
Cercaria (Larval 2)
Schistosome (adult)

60
Q

What are the two species of liver flukes?

A

Opisthorcis (Clonorchis) sinensis (spread by undercooked fish)

Fasciola hepatica (spread by raw plants grown in/near water)

61
Q

Paragonimus westermani

A

Lung fluke

Spread by eating undercooked crustaceans

62
Q

Cestode

A

Tapeworm

63
Q

What are the two main species of tapeworm?

A

Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

64
Q

Taeniasis

A

tapeworm infection

65
Q

Scolex

Proglottid

Strobila

A

The head of a tapeworm w/ hooks/suckers

Sacs within a tapeworm that contain reproductive structures

The body of a tapeworm, consisting of a chain of proglottids

66
Q

Cysticercosis

A

infection/encystment of taenia solinum in tissues

Can cause seizures/psych disorders if infect nervous system

67
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Parasites that live outside the host
(ticks, mosquitos, etc)

68
Q

Two types of ticks

A

Ixodid/hard ticks
Argasid/soft ticks

69
Q

Hypha

A

Individual thread of a mycelium

70
Q

Microsporidia

A

Unicellular, parasitic fungi that lack mitochondria

opportunistic

71
Q

Chytrids

A

Aquatic fungi, have flagella

72
Q

Zygomycota

A

Terrestrial fungi that produce zygospores

includes bread molds

73
Q

Glomeromycota / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi

A

Terrestrial fungi that engage in symbiotic relationships w/ plant roots

Only reproduce asexually

74
Q

Ascomycotans / Sac fungi

A

Form ascus, or sac, structures externally

Includes truffles, morels, lichens, mildew, penicillin

75
Q

Basidiomycota / Club Fungi

A

Cap mushrooms

76
Q

Basidiospores

Basidium

A

Spores released by club fungi

reproductive structure on mushroom gills

77
Q

What part of the body to fungi usually infect?

A

Lungs

78
Q

Mycosis

A

General term for a fungal disease

79
Q

Thermal dimorphism

A

Ability for some fungi to grow as molds in colder temperatures (30 C) and yeasts at higher temperatures (37 C)

80
Q

Histoplamsa capsulatum

A

Most common true pathogen amongst fungi, causes histoplasmosis / Ohio Valley fever

Found globally in bird droppings, most common in east and central U.S.

Lung infection that can lead to chronic lung disease and multiple organ involvement (systemic)

Serious cases may require chemo

81
Q

Coccidionycosis / Valley Fever

A

Systemic fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis

Lives in alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates

Endemic to SW U.S.

Lungs, skin, bones, CNS

Lung infection, raised black lumps on skin

82
Q

Fungomas

A

Nodules in lungs caused by chronic coccidiomycosis

83
Q

Sporotrichosis / Rose Gardener’s Disease

A

Subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii

Forms nodule beneath skin, spreads to nearby lymph nodes

84
Q

Mycetoma

A

Accidental implantation of soil microbes in skin

Causes progressive, tumor-like chronic infection

85
Q

Dermatophytoses

A

Infections strictly confined to keratinized epidermis (skin, hair, nails)

Cutaneous epinermis

All associated fungi are called tinea/ringworm

86
Q

Tineas Cruris

A

Jock itch

cutaneous mycosis /dermatophytosis of groin/scrotum

87
Q

Candida albicans

A

yeast that acts as opportunistic infection

Can range from superficial skin irritation to fatal systemic diseases

yeast infection, thrush, cutaneous candidiasis

88
Q

Where do cutaneous candidiasis infections occur?

A

Chronically moist areas (e.g. fat rolls), burn patients

89
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Opportunisic fungal pathogen that often infection AIDS, cancer, and diabetes pateints

Lives near pigeon roosts

Causes cough, fever, lung nodules, meningitis, death

90
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci

A

opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia

pneumocystis pnemonia (PCP)

91
Q

Aspergillus

A

Genus of fungal pathogen that causes aspergillosis

Starts in lungs before moving to brain/heart

92
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A

Allergy to fungi

93
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Fungal toxins found in grain/corn/peanuts

Lethal to poultry and livestock

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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