Microbiology Unit 4 Flashcards
Capnophile
Grows best with high CO2 levels (3-10%)
Endotoxin
A toxin that is released upon death of the cell but not normally during its lifetime
Endotoxins cause illness but are rarely fatal
Exotoxin
A toxin released by a cell
Fatal to other organisms but not its creator
What are the two major gram-positive Cocci?
Staphylococci
Streptococci
What are 5 characteristics of staphylococcus bacteria?
Location in body, Formation, gram, spores/flagella, capsules
- Found in skin and mucous membranes
- Cocci arranged in irregular clusters or short chains/pairs
- Gram-positive
- No endospores or flagella
- May have capsules
5 most prominent Staphylococcus bacteria?
S. aureus
S. edpidermidis
S. capitis
S. hominis
S. saprophyticus
5 Characteristics of S. Aureus
Colonies, ideal temp, oxygen, resistances, virulence, special enzyme
- Large, round, opaque colonies
- Mesophile (37 degrees C)
- Facultative anaerobe
- Resistant to salt, pH, and high temperatures
- Many virulence factors
- Positive for coagulase
What percentage of healthy adults carry S. aureus?
20-60%
Fomite
A nonliving surface
What bacteria species commonly has methicillin resistance?
(MRSA)
S. aureus
Folliculitis
Superficial inflammation of hair follicle
Furuncle
Boil; Abscess or pustule from inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland
Carbuncle
Larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of furnucles
Impetigo
Bubble-like swelling that can break and peel away
Most common in newborns
What is the order of progress for a cutaneous staph infection?
- Folliculitis
- Furuncle
- Carbuncle
- Impetigo
What are 2 systemic infections caused by staphylococccas?
Osteomyelitis
Bacteremia
What are 3 toxigenic Staph diseases?
- Food poisoning
- Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
Location of S. epidermidis
Diseases caused by S. epidemidis
Skin and mucous membranes
Endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI
Location of S. Hominis
Apocrine sweat glands (groin, armpits, etc)
Location of S. capitis
Scalp, face, external ear
Location of S. saprophyticus
Disease caused by S. saprophyticus
Skin, intestine, vagina
UTI
Catalase Text
A test to determine whether a bacterium creates coagulase
A coagulase-positive sample will produce bubbles
Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that digests connective tissue of host
Staphylokinase
Enzyme that digests blood clots
Lipase
Enzyme that digests oils
Allows more easy colonization on skin
Leukocidin
Toxin that lyses neutrophils and macrophages
Enterotoxin
Toxin that induces n/v and diarrhea
Exfoliative toxins
Toxins that cause desquamation of skin (decay of top layer)
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin
Toxin that indices fever, vomiting, rash, and organ damage
9 Common characteristics of Streptococci
Gram, formation, colonies, spores/flagella, capsules
fastidiousness, special enzyme, vulnerabilities
- Gram-positive
- Long chains or pairs of cocci
- Small, colorless colonies
- Non-spore-forming, nonmotile
- Form capsules and slime layers
- Facultative anaerobe
- Produce peroxidase
- fastidious (nutrient-rich, blood)
- Vulnerable to dryness, heat, disinfectant
2 classification systems for Strep subgroups
Lancefield group (based on cell wall)
Hemolysis
What is the most infamous Streptococcal species?
S. pyogenes
Streptolysin
Toxin that causes hemolysis
Erythrogenic/pyrogenic toxin
Toxin that indices fever
Superantigen
Toxin that stimulates monocytes and lymphocytes to release tissue necrotic factor
Streptokinase
Enzyme that digests fibrin clots
M-Protein
Surface antigen that causes phagocytosis resistance
Hyaluronic Acid
Substance that prevents immune response
Can be found covering S. pyogenes
Erysipelas
Skin infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue
Caused by infection of open wound, can become systemic
What bacteria causes scarlet fever?
S. pyogenes
Rheumatic Fever
Carditis caused by untreated scarlet fever
Streptococcus algalacticae
Group B strep bacteria
Lives in vagina, pharynx, large intestine
Can be transferred to infant during delivery and cause severe infection
Which groups of strep bacteria mainly infect non-human animals?
C and G
What genus name is used for Group D Strep bacteria?
What defines them
Enterococcus
Normal flora of human L. intestines, can cause opportunistic infection
What group of streptococci commonly cause cavities?
Viridans
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Quellung Test
Test for determining presence of S. pneumonia
What family consists of gram-negative cocci?
What 2 human pathogens are in this family?
Neisseriaceae
N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitides
What notable structures do Neisseria bacteria possess?
Diplococci
Capsules
Pili
Catalase
What are 9 s/s of gonorrhea?
- No s/s (10% males, 50% females)
- Urethritis (male and female)
- Vaginitis (Female)
- Salpingitis/PID (female)
- Proctitis (due to anal intercourse)
- Rash/chronic arthritis (direct infection of bloodstream)
- Conjunctivitis (due to infection via eyes from personal hygiene)
- Meningitis
- Endocarditis
What skin lesions appear in about half of N. meningitidis cases?
Petechiae (purple spots) on trunk and appendages
Which Baccilus species can cause food poisoning?
B. cereus
What are the three types of anthrax?
Cutaneous
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, and catalase-positive?
Baccilus
What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, and catalase negative?
Clostridium
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene and mynecrosis?
Clostridium perfringens
What bacteria cause tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
Tetanospasm
Toxin that causes paralysis by binding to motor nerve endings and blocking signals telling muscles to relax, leaving muscles permanently contracted
What bacteria cause C-diff/CDI?
Clostridium difficile
Which two Clostridium species cause food poisoning?
C. botulinum (Botulism)
C. perfringens (2nd most common cause of food poisoning)
Botulinum toxin
Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that bonds to motor receptor sites and prevents signals (ACH) telling muscles to contract
Floppy Baby Syndrome
Paralysis of infants caused by botulism, caused by ingestion
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium w/ varying shapes
Resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH, and bile
Virulence due to reproducing after being eaten
Found in meat and dairy, including refrigerated
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram-positive, Non-spore-forming tapered rod
Causes diphtheria (Pseudomembrane of throat, cratered sores, can affect heart/nerves)
What type of stain is used for mycobacteria? Why?
Acid-fast staining
Does not show up w/ gram stain
What two diseases are caused by mycobacteria?
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Tubercle
Long, thin rod that grows in cords or sinuous masses
Early sign of tuberculosis
Caseous Lesion
Hard lesion created by breakdown of tubercule
Mantoux Test
Intradermal injection used to test for TB
Two forms of leprosy
Tuberculoid (primarily affects skin, less serious)
Lepromatous (Widespread, more serious)
Fish Tank Granuloma
Mycobacterium disease caused by scrapes on aquarium gravel, pool concrete
Pseudonomas
Genus of Basilic, non-spore-forming, gram-negative rod bacterium
Monotrichous (single flagellum)
Non-fermenting
+Oxidase, catalase
Usually decomposer, opportunistic, Often nosocomial (obtained in hospital)
Biomediator for oil spills
Biomediator
An organism introduced to combat a biological or environmental problem
What 8 diseases can Pseudomonas cause?
pneumonia, UTI, abscesses, otitis, coronary disease, bronchopneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis
Brucellosis
A disease transmitted to humans by cattle
Fluctuating pattern of fever
Caused by Brucella
Brucella
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus
Bordetella Pertussis
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus
Cause of whooping cough/pertussis
What causes legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac Fever?
Legionella pneumophila
Enterobacteria
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, basilic bacteria that perform fermentation
Found in GI tracts of most large mammals, including humans
Responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections
Coliform
bacteria that performs lactose fermentation
H antigen
K Antigen
O Antigen
Flagellar Antigen
Capsular / Fimbrial antigen
Cell wall / somatic antigen
6 Types of patheogenic E. coli?
Enterohemorrhagic (Bleeding, renal damage)
Enterotoxigenic (severe diarrhea)
Enteroinvasive (L. intestine infalmmation)
Enteropathic (Infant diarrhea)
Enteroaggregate (Ped. diarrhea)
Diffusely Adherent (Ped. Diarrhea)
5 Coliforms
Escherichia Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter (UTI, surgical infections)
Citrobacter (UTI, Becteremia)
Serratia marcescens (pneumonia, burn/wound infections, sepsis, meningitis)
3 Opportunistic non-coliform enteric bacteria
Proteus
Morganella
Providencia
2 non-coliform True Enteric Pathogens
Salmonella
Shigella
What disease is commonly caused by salmonella?
Typhoid fever
What disease is caused by Shigella
Shigellosis / Dysentery
What is the biggest difference between typhoid fever and shigellosis?
Typhoid fever will cause bowel perforation, shigellosis will not
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enteric pathogen that is transmitted through infection animals and plants
What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis
Black plague
Sylvatic Plague
Urban Plague
Y. Pestis infection from wild animals
Y. Pestis infection from semidomesticated animals
What are the three stages of the black plague?
Bubonic plague (lymph swelling)
Septicemic plague (Clotting, hemorrhage)
Pneumonic plague (highly contaigous)
What disease is caused by Treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
What genus of bacteria are spirochetes?
Treponema
Borrelia
What disease is caused by Borrelia hermsii?
Lyme disease
3 stages of syphilis
Primary (chancre, highly contagious, heals on own)
Latency (months)
Secondary (In bloodstream; rash[painless, no itch, heals on own], fever, headache, sore throat)
Latency (years)
Tertiary (gummas [tumors], organ damage)
4 S/S of congenital syphilis
Nasal discharge
Skin eruptions
Bone deformities (esp. teeth)
Nervous system abnormalities
Lyme disease mimics what types of conditions?
neuromuscular and rheumatoid
What disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera
What is the most well-know Heliobacter?
H. Pylori
Rickettsiales
Gram-negative, nonmotile, coccobacilli
What 4 diseases are caused by genus Rickettsioses
Typhus
Spotted fever
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasmosis
3 mycoplasmas
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma genitalium (minor STD)
Ureplasma urealyticum (minor STD)
L Form
L-Phase variant
Bacteria w/o cell walls from species that normally have cell walls
Caused by exposure to certain drugs or enzymes
