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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Unit 4 > Flashcards

Microbiology Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Capnophile

A

Grows best with high CO2 levels (3-10%)

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2
Q

Endotoxin

A

A toxin that is released upon death of the cell but not normally during its lifetime

Endotoxins cause illness but are rarely fatal

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3
Q

Exotoxin

A

A toxin released by a cell

Fatal to other organisms but not its creator

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4
Q

What are the two major gram-positive Cocci?

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci

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5
Q

What are 5 characteristics of staphylococcus bacteria?

Location in body, Formation, gram, spores/flagella, capsules

A
  • Found in skin and mucous membranes
  • Cocci arranged in irregular clusters or short chains/pairs
  • Gram-positive
  • No endospores or flagella
  • May have capsules
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6
Q

5 most prominent Staphylococcus bacteria?

A

S. aureus
S. edpidermidis
S. capitis
S. hominis
S. saprophyticus

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7
Q

5 Characteristics of S. Aureus

Colonies, ideal temp, oxygen, resistances, virulence, special enzyme

A
  • Large, round, opaque colonies
  • Mesophile (37 degrees C)
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Resistant to salt, pH, and high temperatures
  • Many virulence factors
  • Positive for coagulase
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8
Q

What percentage of healthy adults carry S. aureus?

A

20-60%

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9
Q

Fomite

A

A nonliving surface

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10
Q

What bacteria species commonly has methicillin resistance?
(MRSA)

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

Folliculitis

A

Superficial inflammation of hair follicle

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12
Q

Furuncle

A

Boil; Abscess or pustule from inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland

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13
Q

Carbuncle

A

Larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of furnucles

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14
Q

Impetigo

A

Bubble-like swelling that can break and peel away

Most common in newborns

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15
Q

What is the order of progress for a cutaneous staph infection?

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Furuncle
  • Carbuncle
  • Impetigo
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16
Q

What are 2 systemic infections caused by staphylococccas?

A

Osteomyelitis
Bacteremia

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17
Q

What are 3 toxigenic Staph diseases?

A
  • Food poisoning
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome
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18
Q

Location of S. epidermidis

Diseases caused by S. epidemidis

A

Skin and mucous membranes

Endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI

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19
Q

Location of S. Hominis

A

Apocrine sweat glands (groin, armpits, etc)

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20
Q

Location of S. capitis

A

Scalp, face, external ear

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21
Q

Location of S. saprophyticus

Disease caused by S. saprophyticus

A

Skin, intestine, vagina

UTI

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22
Q

Catalase Text

A

A test to determine whether a bacterium creates coagulase

A coagulase-positive sample will produce bubbles

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23
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Enzyme that digests connective tissue of host

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24
Q

Staphylokinase

A

Enzyme that digests blood clots

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25
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that digests oils

Allows more easy colonization on skin

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26
Q

Leukocidin

A

Toxin that lyses neutrophils and macrophages

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27
Q

Enterotoxin

A

Toxin that induces n/v and diarrhea

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28
Q

Exfoliative toxins

A

Toxins that cause desquamation of skin (decay of top layer)

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29
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin

A

Toxin that indices fever, vomiting, rash, and organ damage

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30
Q

9 Common characteristics of Streptococci

Gram, formation, colonies, spores/flagella, capsules

fastidiousness, special enzyme, vulnerabilities

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Long chains or pairs of cocci
  • Small, colorless colonies
  • Non-spore-forming, nonmotile
  • Form capsules and slime layers
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Produce peroxidase
  • fastidious (nutrient-rich, blood)
  • Vulnerable to dryness, heat, disinfectant
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31
Q

2 classification systems for Strep subgroups

A

Lancefield group (based on cell wall)

Hemolysis

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32
Q

What is the most infamous Streptococcal species?

A

S. pyogenes

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33
Q

Streptolysin

A

Toxin that causes hemolysis

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34
Q

Erythrogenic/pyrogenic toxin

A

Toxin that indices fever

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35
Q

Superantigen

A

Toxin that stimulates monocytes and lymphocytes to release tissue necrotic factor

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36
Q

Streptokinase

A

Enzyme that digests fibrin clots

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37
Q

M-Protein

A

Surface antigen that causes phagocytosis resistance

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38
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Substance that prevents immune response

Can be found covering S. pyogenes

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39
Q

Erysipelas

A

Skin infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue

Caused by infection of open wound, can become systemic

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40
Q

What bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

S. pyogenes

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41
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Carditis caused by untreated scarlet fever

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42
Q

Streptococcus algalacticae

A

Group B strep bacteria

Lives in vagina, pharynx, large intestine

Can be transferred to infant during delivery and cause severe infection

43
Q

Which groups of strep bacteria mainly infect non-human animals?

A

C and G

44
Q

What genus name is used for Group D Strep bacteria?

What defines them

A

Enterococcus

Normal flora of human L. intestines, can cause opportunistic infection

45
Q

What group of streptococci commonly cause cavities?

A

Viridans

46
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

47
Q

Quellung Test

A

Test for determining presence of S. pneumonia

48
Q

What family consists of gram-negative cocci?

What 2 human pathogens are in this family?

A

Neisseriaceae

N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitides

49
Q

What notable structures do Neisseria bacteria possess?

A

Diplococci
Capsules
Pili
Catalase

50
Q

What are 9 s/s of gonorrhea?

A
  • No s/s (10% males, 50% females)
  • Urethritis (male and female)
  • Vaginitis (Female)
  • Salpingitis/PID (female)
  • Proctitis (due to anal intercourse)
  • Rash/chronic arthritis (direct infection of bloodstream)
  • Conjunctivitis (due to infection via eyes from personal hygiene)
  • Meningitis
  • Endocarditis
51
Q

What skin lesions appear in about half of N. meningitidis cases?

A

Petechiae (purple spots) on trunk and appendages

52
Q

Which Baccilus species can cause food poisoning?

A

B. cereus

53
Q

What are the three types of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal

54
Q

What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, and catalase-positive?

A

Baccilus

55
Q

What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, and catalase negative?

A

Clostridium

56
Q

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene and mynecrosis?

A

Clostridium perfringens

57
Q

What bacteria cause tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

58
Q

Tetanospasm

A

Toxin that causes paralysis by binding to motor nerve endings and blocking signals telling muscles to relax, leaving muscles permanently contracted

59
Q

What bacteria cause C-diff/CDI?

A

Clostridium difficile

60
Q

Which two Clostridium species cause food poisoning?

A

C. botulinum (Botulism)
C. perfringens (2nd most common cause of food poisoning)

61
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that bonds to motor receptor sites and prevents signals (ACH) telling muscles to contract

62
Q

Floppy Baby Syndrome

A

Paralysis of infants caused by botulism, caused by ingestion

63
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium w/ varying shapes

Resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH, and bile

Virulence due to reproducing after being eaten

Found in meat and dairy, including refrigerated

64
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Gram-positive, Non-spore-forming tapered rod

Causes diphtheria (Pseudomembrane of throat, cratered sores, can affect heart/nerves)

65
Q

What type of stain is used for mycobacteria? Why?

A

Acid-fast staining
Does not show up w/ gram stain

66
Q

What two diseases are caused by mycobacteria?

A

Tuberculosis
Leprosy

67
Q

Tubercle

A

Long, thin rod that grows in cords or sinuous masses

Early sign of tuberculosis

68
Q

Caseous Lesion

A

Hard lesion created by breakdown of tubercule

69
Q

Mantoux Test

A

Intradermal injection used to test for TB

70
Q

Two forms of leprosy

A

Tuberculoid (primarily affects skin, less serious)
Lepromatous (Widespread, more serious)

71
Q

Fish Tank Granuloma

A

Mycobacterium disease caused by scrapes on aquarium gravel, pool concrete

72
Q

Pseudonomas

A

Genus of Basilic, non-spore-forming, gram-negative rod bacterium

Monotrichous (single flagellum)
Non-fermenting
+Oxidase, catalase

Usually decomposer, opportunistic, Often nosocomial (obtained in hospital)
Biomediator for oil spills

73
Q

Biomediator

A

An organism introduced to combat a biological or environmental problem

74
Q

What 8 diseases can Pseudomonas cause?

A

pneumonia, UTI, abscesses, otitis, coronary disease, bronchopneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis

75
Q

Brucellosis

A

A disease transmitted to humans by cattle

Fluctuating pattern of fever

Caused by Brucella

76
Q

Brucella

A

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus

77
Q

Bordetella Pertussis

A

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus

Cause of whooping cough/pertussis

78
Q

What causes legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac Fever?

A

Legionella pneumophila

79
Q

Enterobacteria

A

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, basilic bacteria that perform fermentation

Found in GI tracts of most large mammals, including humans

Responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections

80
Q

Coliform

A

bacteria that performs lactose fermentation

81
Q

H antigen
K Antigen
O Antigen

A

Flagellar Antigen
Capsular / Fimbrial antigen
Cell wall / somatic antigen

82
Q

6 Types of patheogenic E. coli?

A

Enterohemorrhagic (Bleeding, renal damage)
Enterotoxigenic (severe diarrhea)
Enteroinvasive (L. intestine infalmmation)
Enteropathic (Infant diarrhea)
Enteroaggregate (Ped. diarrhea)
Diffusely Adherent (Ped. Diarrhea)

83
Q

5 Coliforms

A

Escherichia Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter (UTI, surgical infections)
Citrobacter (UTI, Becteremia)
Serratia marcescens (pneumonia, burn/wound infections, sepsis, meningitis)

84
Q

3 Opportunistic non-coliform enteric bacteria

A

Proteus
Morganella
Providencia

85
Q

2 non-coliform True Enteric Pathogens

A

Salmonella
Shigella

86
Q

What disease is commonly caused by salmonella?

A

Typhoid fever

87
Q

What disease is caused by Shigella

A

Shigellosis / Dysentery

88
Q

What is the biggest difference between typhoid fever and shigellosis?

A

Typhoid fever will cause bowel perforation, shigellosis will not

89
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Enteric pathogen that is transmitted through infection animals and plants

90
Q

What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis

A

Black plague

91
Q

Sylvatic Plague
Urban Plague

A

Y. Pestis infection from wild animals

Y. Pestis infection from semidomesticated animals

92
Q

What are the three stages of the black plague?

A

Bubonic plague (lymph swelling)
Septicemic plague (Clotting, hemorrhage)
Pneumonic plague (highly contaigous)

93
Q

What disease is caused by Treponema pallidum?

A

Syphilis

94
Q

What genus of bacteria are spirochetes?

A

Treponema
Borrelia

95
Q

What disease is caused by Borrelia hermsii?

A

Lyme disease

96
Q

3 stages of syphilis

A

Primary (chancre, highly contagious, heals on own)
Latency (months)
Secondary (In bloodstream; rash[painless, no itch, heals on own], fever, headache, sore throat)
Latency (years)
Tertiary (gummas [tumors], organ damage)

97
Q

4 S/S of congenital syphilis

A

Nasal discharge
Skin eruptions
Bone deformities (esp. teeth)
Nervous system abnormalities

98
Q

Lyme disease mimics what types of conditions?

A

neuromuscular and rheumatoid

99
Q

What disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae?

A

Cholera

100
Q

What is the most well-know Heliobacter?

A

H. Pylori

101
Q

Rickettsiales

A

Gram-negative, nonmotile, coccobacilli

102
Q

What 4 diseases are caused by genus Rickettsioses

A

Typhus
Spotted fever
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasmosis

103
Q

3 mycoplasmas

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma genitalium (minor STD)
Ureplasma urealyticum (minor STD)

104
Q

L Form
L-Phase variant

A

Bacteria w/o cell walls from species that normally have cell walls

Caused by exposure to certain drugs or enzymes

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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