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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Microbiology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What substance is found the cell walls of bacteria and only bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

How does penicillin kill bacteria?

A

Interferes with peptidoglycan in bacterial cells walls, inhibiting cell wall formation

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3
Q

What cell membrane feature can only be found in archaeans?

A

Phospholipid monolayer
(not found in all archaeans)

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the flagella

A

Filament
Hook
Basal Body (Anchor)

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5
Q

Monotrichous

Lophotrichous

Ambitrichous

Peritrichous

A

Single flagellum coming from one end

Multiple flagella coming from one end

Multiple flagella coming from both ends

Flagella coming from all over cell

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6
Q

How does a bacterium move when its flagella counterclockwise?

Clockwise

A

Smooth linear movement - run

Tumble

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7
Q

Spirochet / Periplasmic Flagella

A

Filament that wraps around the body of a bacterium to provide a corkscrew movement

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8
Q

Fimbrae

A

Thin hairlike appendages on the outside of a bacterium

Used for adhesion

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9
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange of genetic information from one bacterium to another

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10
Q

Glycocalyx

(And 2 types)

A

Coating of molecules outside cell wall of bacteria

Protect from dehydration, nutrient loss, and phagocytosis

Allows adhesion to form biofilm

Slime layer
Capsule

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11
Q

Appendages

A

External filaments on a bacterium

Flagella, fimbriae, pili

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12
Q

Pili

A

Rigid tubular appendage made of pilin

Allows for conjugation, can adhere to surfaces

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13
Q

Which bacteria have pili?

A

Gram-negative

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14
Q

Biofilm

A

A colony of microbes living in a complex mass on a surface (slimy layer)

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15
Q

What is the defining feature of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid

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16
Q

What is the defining feature of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer between two cell membranes

Outer layer consists of lipopolysaccharides and porins

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17
Q

Periplasmic Space

A

Space between the cell membrane and cell wall

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18
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Bacterium w/ no cell wall

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19
Q

2 Types of bacteria w/ atypical cell wall

A

Mycobacterium
Nocardia

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20
Q

Plasmid

A

Free small, circular, double-stranded DNA used to introduce new genetic material in both conjugation and genetic engineering

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21
Q

Which type of ribosome is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

70s

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22
Q

What purpose do bacteria use inclusion bodies for?

A

Storage

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23
Q

Endospores

A

A hard outer cell some gram-positive cells when exposed to harsh condition

Allows bacterium to enter suspended animation

Can live 250 million years

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24
Q

Vegetative Cell

A

A metabolically active cell

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25
Q

Sporulation

A

Formation of endospores

26
Q

Germination

A

Return of an endospore to vegetative growth

27
Q

What is the most reliable means to destroy endospores?

A

Pressurized steam at 120 degrees C for 20-30 minutes

28
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical

29
Q

Bacillus

Coccobacillus
Vibrio

A

Rod-Shaped

Short, plump rod
Gently curved rod

30
Q

Spirillum

Spriochete

A

Helical, rigid

More flexible helix

31
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in cell shape and size within species due to environmental or genetic factors

32
Q

Sarcina

A

Cubical colonies of coccal bacteria

33
Q

Pallisade

A

Hinged fence-like stake structure of bacillic bacterial colony

34
Q

Psychrophile

A

Organism whose optimum temperature is below 15 degrees C

Can continue producing at 0 degrees C

35
Q

Mesophile

A

Organism whose optimum temperature is between 20 and 40 degrees C

36
Q

Thermophile

A

Organism whose optimum temperature is above 45 degrees C

37
Q

What temperature adaption group are most human pathogens in?

A

Mesophile

38
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

An organism that uses oxygen but can grow without oxygen

39
Q

Microaerophile

A

An organism that can survive with small amounts of oxygen

40
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

An organism that does not use oxygen but can survive in its presence

41
Q

Capnophile

A

An organism that prefers CO2 levels higher than in normal atmosphere

42
Q

Syntrophy

A

Nonsymbiotic relationship where organisms cooperate and share resources

43
Q

Amensalism

A

Nonsymbiotic relationship where one organism inhibits or destroys another

44
Q

Nonsymbiosis

A

Relationship between organisms that is not required for either organism’s survival

45
Q

Fermentation

A

The least efficient means of ATP production, consists only of glycolysis

46
Q

What is the number of ATP molecules produced per cycle of aerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration?

Fermentation?

A

38

Varies by organism

2

47
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link / transition step
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
48
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose (C6) into
2 Pyruvates (C3) and NADH

49
Q

NADH

A

A high-energy electron carrier

Takes electrons to electron transport chain

50
Q

Link / transition phase

A

Minor changes to pyruvate and NADH, process moves to mitochondira

51
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Changes the pyruvate into CO2, more NADH and FADH2 are also produced

52
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) send electrons down a serries of membranes, producing energy and releasing electrons to make ATP

53
Q

How many ATP molecules are made from one NADH?

One FADH2?

A

3/NADH

2/FADH2

54
Q

Which stage of Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

What oxygen alternatives are used in anaerobic respiration?

A

Nitrate (NO3-) and Nitrite (NO2-)

56
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation (produces lactic acid)
  2. Alcohol Fermentation (Produces ETOH and CO2)
57
Q

What form of respiration do prokaryotes use?

A

Fermentation

58
Q

What are the two stages of Oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Light reaction (Production of ATP and NADPH)
Calvin Reaction (Conversion of CO2, ATP and NADPH into sugar)

(Order of these reactions varies)

59
Q

Why does anoxygenic photosynthesis not produce O2?

what 2 pigments are used in anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

H2O does not act as an electron source

Bacteriochlorophyll or archaerhodopsin are the main pigment

60
Q

Halophile

A

phototrophic archeans

“Salt-Lover”

61
Q

Lipopolysaccharides and porin are important components of what type of bacteria?

A

Gram-negative

62
Q

What two structures make up the cell envelope?

A

Cell membrane and cell wall

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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