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MICR 2420 > Microbiology Today > Flashcards

Microbiology Today Flashcards

1
Q

who was CARL LINNAEUS?

A

developed TAXONOMY
3 kingdoms: animal, plant mineral (abandoned)

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2
Q

what is the TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY CLASSIFICATION?

A

hierarchy of groups of RELATED organisms (TAXA)
based on DNA SEQUENCE similarities

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3
Q

how are SPECIES DEFINED?

A

genomic RELATEDNESS determined by HOUSEKEEPING GENES
small subunit rRNA (16S in prokaryotes) - 95% identity = same GENUS
shares common TRAITS and ECOLOGICAL niches

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4
Q

describe BACTERIA

A

found NEARLY everywhere
MOST are HARMLESS or BENEFICIAL
cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN
enormous METABOLIC DIVERSITY

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5
Q

what are the SHAPES of BACTERIA?

A

coccus - spheres
bacillus - rods
vibrio - comma shaped rods, polar flagella
coccobacillus - very short rods/ovals
sprillum - waves
spirochetes - spirals

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6
Q

describe ARCHAEA

A

found in EVERY habitat
EXTREMOPHILES
NON pathogenic (to humans)
cell walls have PSEUDOPEPTIDOGLYCAN

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7
Q

describe EUKARYOTES

A

DEFINED NUCLEUS
protists, fungi, plants, animals
typically bigger than bacteria

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8
Q

describe ALGAE

A

UNIcellular or MULTIcellular
vary widely in size, appearance, habitat
cell walls have CELLULOSE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC

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9
Q

describe PROTOZOA

A

(paramecium)
very diverse
move with CILIA or FLAGELLA
some are PHOTOSYNTHETIC, PARASITIC, PATHOGENIC
ex. malaria

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10
Q

describe FUNGI

A

UNIcellular or MULTIcellular
NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC (heterotrophic)
cell walls contain CHITIN

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11
Q

describe YEAST

A

UNICELLULAR
cause GONADAL INFECTIONS and ORAL THRUSH

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12
Q

describe MOULS/FILAMENTOUS fungi

A

MULTICELLUALR
long filaments that form VISIBLE COLONIES
play a critical role in DECOMPOSITION and NUTRIENT CYCLING
PHARMACEUTICALS (penicillin, cyclosporine)

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13
Q

what are VIRUSES?

A

ACELLULAR organisms
PROTEINS + GENETIC material (DNA?RNA)
HIJACK host’s cellular organisms to multiply and spread
can infect ALL cell types

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14
Q

what are the TOOLS of mircobiolgy

A

petri dish
test tubes
bunsen burner
inoculation loop
microscopes
dyes and stains
growth media

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15
Q

which microorganisms can be seen with a LIGHT MICROSCOPE?

A

bacteria, archaea, yeasts

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16
Q

describe some properties of light

A

ENERGY propagated as WAVES
wavelength increases, energy decreases
light REFRACTS through a microscope (n of glass > n of air)

17
Q

what does resolution requrie?

A

CONTRAST - distinguish object from surroundings
WAVELENGTH - equal or smaller than object to be resolved
MAGNIFICATION - retina absorbs radiation of 380nm-750nm, can resolve points 150micrometer apart

18
Q

what is RESOLUTION?

A

ability to DISTINGUISH between two points
NOT just about making something bigger

19
Q

what is the NUMERICAL APERTURE

A

HIGHER NA = HIGHER RESOLVING power of objective

20
Q

describe a COMPOUND MICROSCOPE?

A

LIGHT microscopy
system of LENSES that focus, correct, comensate
OCCULAR LENSE = 10x magnification
OBJECTIVE LENSES = 10x,40x,100x magnification
NA written beside power on lense

21
Q

how do you find TOTAL MAGNIFICATION?

A

MULPICATIVE
OCCULAR LENSE x OBJECTIVE

22
Q

describe BRIGHT FIELD microscopy

A

submerging sample in WATER
sample must be MORE DENSE than water
object appears as a dark SILHOUETTE
limit of resolution of 1000x

23
Q

what is OIL IMMERSION?

A

putting a drop of oil between lens and objective MINIMIZES LOSS OF REFRACTIVE LIGHT at the angles, SHARPENING the image

24
Q

what is a WET MOUND?

A

way to OBSERVE MICROBES
place them in a DROP OF WATER on a GLASS SLIDE
see cells in NATURAL STATE
hard to see

25
Q

what is a SIMPLE STAIN?

A

dark colour specifically to CELLS (npt surrounding tissue)

26
Q

what is a DIFFERENTIAL STAIN?

A

stains ONE TYPE of CELL, but not another
GRAM STAINING

27
Q

describe GRAM STAINS

A

differentiates between two types of bacteria
GRAM POSITIVE = purple due to THICKER cell wall
GRAM NEGATIVE = pink due to thinner cell wall (cannot retain the stain)

28
Q

what is ACID-FAST STAINING?

A

differentiates between two types of GRAM POSITIVE cells, those with WAXY MYCOLIC ACIDS in their CELL WALL and those without

29
Q

what is CAPSULE STAINING

A

NEGATIVE STAINING
stains SURROUNDING medium, but not actual capsule
ex. india ink

30
Q

what is ENDOSPORE STAINING?

A

endospore = structures produced within certain bacterial cells that allows them to survive harsh conditions; progeny RESISTANT to STRESSORS
highly resistant to normal staining
BACILLUS have highly resistant endospores

31
Q

describe dark field microscopy

A

extra OPAQUE DISK under CONDENSER LENS
light from source CANNOT enter objective
light SCATTERED FROM SAMPLE reaches objective lens
specimen ILLUMINATED on dark background
microbes are HALOS of bright light
good for LIVE and UNSTAINED samples

32
Q

describe PHASE CONTRAST microscopy

A

uses DIFFERENCES in REFRACTIVE INDEXES between different ORGANELLES
CONTRAST between cell and background increased
view LIVE UNFIXED cells
determine intracellular DENSITY

33
Q

describe FLUORESCENCE microscopy

A

specimen ABSORBS light of a defined wavelength and EMITS light of LOWER ENERGY

34
Q

what is AUTOFLUORESCENCE?

A

cell components NATURALLY fluoresce

35
Q

what are FLUROPHORES?

A

florescent COMPOUNDS or proteins, which are FUSED to cell substructures
used to determine where cell structures are in relation to each other

36
Q

what is IMMUNOFLUORESENCE

A

identify PATHOGENIC microbes by observing which ANTIBODIES bind to them

37
Q

what is the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE?

A

use beams of electrons in the visible spectrum for visualization
produce a sharp image of 100000x
electron DENSE regions are DARKER
cells are DEAD

38
Q

what is the SCANNING electron microscope?

A

creates an image by detecting REFLECTED electrons
3D

39
Q

what is the TRANSMISSION electron miscroscope?

A

uses electrons PASSING THROUGH thin sections of the sample to create an image
must prepare cells so they become electron dense
2D

MICR 2420 (9 decks)

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