Microbiology: The Main Themes of Microbiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Eukaryotes
True nucleus: Complex cell. Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotes
Pre-nucleus: simple cell. Microscopic unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
Viruses
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein.
Biotechnology
Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms.
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products.
Bioremediation
Using living organisms ton remedy an environmental problem.
Photosynthesis
Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.
Decomposition
Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds.
Parasites
Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.
Pathogens
Microbes that do harm.
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723) Dutch linen merchant. First to observe living microbes. Single lens magnified up to 300X.
Spontaneous Generation
Early belief at some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (Flies from manure, etc)
Louis Pastur
Disproved Spontaneous Generation and proved Theory of Biogenesis- the idea that living things can only arise from other living things.
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation that can be supported or referred.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
Observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals.
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward
Joseph Lister
Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections. Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery and use of heat for sterilization.
John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn
Demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of microbes. Cohn determined these forms to be heat resistant bacterial called endospores.
Endospores
Heat resistant microbes
Sterility
Requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.
The Germ Theory of Disease
Many diseases are cause by the growth if microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.
Major contributors: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.
Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
Developed pasteurization.
Demonstrated what is now known as the Germ Theory of Disease.
Robert Koch
(1843-1910)
Established Koch’s postulates- a sequence of experimental steps that verified the grim theory.
Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera.
Developed pure culture methods.
Taxonomy
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
Originated by Carl Von Linné
Nomenclature
Assigning names
Levels of classification
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Phylogeny
Natural relatedness between groups of organisms
Evolution
All new species originate from preexisting species
Closely related organisms have similar features because the evolved from common ancestral forms
Archaea
Odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc
Eukarya
Have nucleus and organelles.
Are protozoan considered microorganisms?
yes
What is an area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations?
Epidemiology
What process involves the deliberate alternation of an organisms genetic material?
Recombinant DNA
What part was absent from Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes?
condenser
Abiogenesis
theory that spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
A hypothesis can best be defined as
a scientific explanation that is subject to testing.
Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology lab techniques?
Robert Koch
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
Louis Pasteur
How would you categorize a virus?
as an Archeon not living and not alive
What does it mean to say that microbes are ubiquitous?
Microbes are everywhere.