Microbiology: The Main Themes of Microbiology Chapter 1

Question 0

Eukaryotes

Answer 0

True nucleus: Complex cell. Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Pre-nucleus: simple cell. Microscopic unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein.

Question 3

Biotechnology

Answer 3

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms.

Question 4

Genetic Engineering

Answer 4

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products.

Question 5

Bioremediation

Answer 5

Using living organisms ton remedy an environmental problem.

Question 6

Photosynthesis

Answer 6

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

Question 7

Decomposition

Answer 7

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds.

Question 8

Parasites

Answer 8

Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.

Question 9

Pathogens

Answer 9

Microbes that do harm.

Question 10

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 10

(1632-1723) Dutch linen merchant. First to observe living microbes. Single lens magnified up to 300X.

Question 11

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 11

Early belief at some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (Flies from manure, etc)

Question 12

Louis Pastur

Answer 12

Disproved Spontaneous Generation and proved Theory of Biogenesis- the idea that living things can only arise from other living things.

Question 13

Hypothesis

Answer 13

A tentative explanation that can be supported or referred.

Question 14

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 14

Observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals.

Question 15

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 15

Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Question 16

Joseph Lister

Answer 16

Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections. Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery and use of heat for sterilization.

Question 17

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 17

Demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of microbes. Cohn determined these forms to be heat resistant bacterial called endospores.

Question 18

Endospores

Answer 18

Heat resistant microbes

Question 19

Sterility

Answer 19

Requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

Question 20

The Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 20

Many diseases are cause by the growth if microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Major contributors: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Question 21

Louis Pasteur

Answer 21

(1822-1895)

Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.

Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Developed pasteurization.

Demonstrated what is now known as the Germ Theory of Disease.

Question 22

Robert Koch

Answer 22

(1843-1910)

Established Koch’s postulates- a sequence of experimental steps that verified the grim theory.

Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera.

Developed pure culture methods.

Question 23

Taxonomy

Answer 23

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

Originated by Carl Von Linné

Question 24

Nomenclature

Answer 24

Assigning names

Question 25

Levels of classification

Answer 25

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 26

Phylogeny

Answer 26

Natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Question 27

Evolution

Answer 27

All new species originate from preexisting species Closely related organisms have similar features because the evolved from common ancestral forms

Question 28

Archaea

Answer 28

Odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc

Question 29

Eukarya

Answer 29

Have nucleus and organelles.

Question 30

Are protozoan considered microorganisms?

Answer 30

yes

Question 32

What is an area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations?

Answer 32

Epidemiology

Question 33

What process involves the deliberate alternation of an organisms genetic material?

Answer 33

Recombinant DNA

Question 34

What part was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?

Answer 34

condenser

Question 35

Abiogenesis

Answer 35

theory that spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter

Question 36

A hypothesis can best be defined as

Answer 36

a scientific explanation that is subject to testing.

Question 37

Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology lab techniques?

Answer 37

Robert Koch

Question 38

Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?

Answer 38

Louis Pasteur

Question 39

How would you categorize a virus?

Answer 39

as an Archeon not living and not alive

Question 40

What does it mean to say that microbes are ubiquitous?

Answer 40

Microbes are everywhere.