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Foundation in Biology Term 1 Part 2 > Microbiology Part 2 (2.2) > Flashcards

Microbiology Part 2 (2.2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What can organisms and biological entities be catergorised as?

A

Cellular and Acellular

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2
Q

By what process are prokaryotes able to replicate asexually?

A

Binary Fission

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3
Q

By what process do single celled eukaryotes replicate asexually?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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5
Q

By what process can single celled eukaryotes replicate sexually?

A

Meiosis

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6
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis?

A
  • Meiosis 1
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1
  • Meiosis 11
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7
Q

What happens in the process of budding yeast reproduction?

A
  • asexual reproduction via budding
  • fusion of two haploid cells to form a diploid cell
  • formation of haploid spores via meiosis
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8
Q

Microbes reproduce rapidly. True or False?

A

True - makes them excellent models for experimental evolution studies.

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9
Q

What are the stages in growth curves? (in a closed system)

A
  • inoculation
  • lag phase
  • exponential phase
  • stationary phase
  • decline/death phase
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10
Q

How is metabolism carried out in an energy source?

A
  • phototrophs gain energy from sunlight

- chemotrophs gain energy from inorganic and/or organic compounds

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11
Q

How is metabolism carried out in electron sources?

A
  • organotrophs gain electrons from organic compounds

- lithotrophs gain electrons from inorganic compounds

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12
Q

How is metabolism carried out in a carbon source?

A
  • autotrophs use CO2 to make carbon compounds (primary producers)
  • heterotrophs use organic compounds from their environment
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13
Q

What is a niche?

A

set of environmental conditions where a species of microbe can replicate.

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14
Q

What are some conditions that determine where a microbe can live?

A
  • nutrient availability
  • oxygen concentration
  • temperature
  • pH
  • light intensity
  • radiation
  • solute concentration (osmolarity & water activity)
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15
Q

What is a entailed in a free-living lifestyle?

A
  • it inhabits every type of environment on Earth

- wide range of metabolic capabilities

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16
Q

With a symbiotic lifestyle, what happens in a pathogenic environment?

A
  • interaction with host organism

- host is damaged

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17
Q

With a symbiotic lifestyle, what happens in a mutuallistic environment?

A
  • interaction with host organism

- where both partners benefit

18
Q

With a symbiotic lifestyle, what happens in a commensal environment?

A
  • interaction with host organism
  • one partner benefits
  • other is unaffected
19
Q

What is bacteria?

A

a single-celled prokaryote

20
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually by binary fission.

21
Q

What lifestyles does bacteria have?

A
  • free-living
  • commensal
  • mutualistic
  • pathogenic
22
Q

What can be found in a bacteria?

A
  • no nucleus
  • 1 circular chromosome (dsDNA)
  • one or more plasmids
23
Q

What shapes do bacteria usually take on?

A
  • spherical
  • rods
  • spirals
24
Q

What is usually found in the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan - (gram stains help to identify 2 main groups)

25
Q

How can you identify a gram positive bacterium?

A
  • peptidoglycan traps crystal violet (iodine stain - purple)
  • cells are not decolourised by ethanol wash
  • purple stain masks safranin counters
26
Q

How can you identify a gram negative bacterium?

A
  • crystal violet (iodine stain) = washed away by ethanol wash
  • cell = stained red/pink with safranin counterstain
27
Q

What does a capsule help bacteria do? (produced by some species of bacteria)

A
  • attach to surfaces

- evade the immune response

28
Q

What do fimbriae help bacteria do?

A
  • being thread-like appendages

- helps to attach to surfaces/ other cells

29
Q

What is flagellum?

A
  • tail-like appendage that bacteria use to swim through liquid
  • rotational movement propels bacteria towards nutrients/ away from toxicants via chemotaxis
30
Q

What is biofilm?

A
  • aggregation of bacteria that are attached to each other/ and or a surface
  • embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance
31
Q

What is a sex-pilus?

A
  • thread - like appendage that bacteria use to exchange plasmids (bacterial conjugation)
32
Q

What does Photorhabdus luminescens (bacterium) form?

A
  • forms a mutualistic relationship with nematodes
  • with EPN (entomopathogenic nematode)
  • infect insect larvae - cause lethal septicaemia
  • dead insect larvae glow in the dark
33
Q

What are archaea and how do they reproduce?

A
  • single- celled prokaryotes
  • perform asexual reproduction
  • lack peptidoglycan in cell wall
  • unique cell membrane lipids
  • 1 circular chromosome
  • no nucleus
  • 1 or more plasmids
34
Q

What are the forms of archaea?

A
  • spherical
  • rods
  • spirals
  • rectangles
  • squares
  • lemon - shaped
35
Q

What the lifestyles of archaea?

A
  • free-living (many are extremophiles)

- commensals

36
Q

What are fungi and how do they reproduce?

A
  • single - celled & multicellular eukaryotes
  • asexual/sexual reproduction
  • chitin in cell wall
  • multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus
37
Q

What are the forms of fungi?

A
  • yeasts

- moulds

38
Q

What are the lifestyles of fungi?

A
  • decomposers
  • mutualistic
  • pathogenic
39
Q

Give one common mould that acts as a decomposer of food.

A

Penicillium

40
Q

What are protists and how do they reproduce?

A
  • single - celled & multiceullar eukaryotes
  • e.g. slime molds, algae, amoebae
  • by asexual/ sexual reproduction
  • multiple linear chromosomes with nucleus
41
Q

What forms do protists exist in?

A
  • unicellular (most)

- multicellular

42
Q

What are the lifestyles of protists?

A
  • free- living
  • pathogenic
  • mutualistic

Foundation in Biology Term 1 Part 2 (12 decks)

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