Microbiology Parasitology - First Aid Flashcards by B -

Giardia lamblia disease

Giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)

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Transmission of Giardia lamblia

cysts in water

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Diagnosis of Giardia

trophozoites or cysts in stool

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Treatment for Giardia

Metronidazole

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Entamoeba histolytica disease

Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea, liver abscess (w/ “anchovy paste” exudate), RUQ pain

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Transmission of Entamoeba histolytica

Cysts in the water

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Diagonsis of Entamoeba histolytica

serology and trophozoites (w/ RBCs in cytoplasm) or cysts (w/ up to 4 nuclei) in stool

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Treatment of Entamoeba histolytica

Metronidazole

Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

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Cryptosporidium diesease

severe diarrhea in AIDS

mild disease in immunocompromised

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Cryptosporidium transmission

oocysts in water

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Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium

oocysts on acid-fast stain

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Treatment of Cryptosporidium

prevention by filtering city water

Nitazoxanide in immunocompromised hosts

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Protozoa that cause GI infections (3)

Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Cryptosporidium

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Protozoa that cause CNS infections (3)

Toxoplasma gondii
Naegleria fowleri
Trpanosoma brucei

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Toxoplasma gondii disease

brain abcesses in HIV (ring-enhancing lesions on CT/MRI)
congenital toxoplasmosis (triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications)

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Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii

cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta

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Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii

serology, biopys (tachyzoite)

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Treatment for Toxoplasma gondii

Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

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Naegleria fowleri disease

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

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Trasmission of Naegleria fowleri

swimming in freshwater lakes; enters via cribiform plate

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Diagnosis of Naegleria fowleri

amoebas in spinal fluid

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Treatment of Naegleria fowleri

Amphotericin B

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Trypanosoma brucei disease

African sleeping sickness: enlarged LNs, recurring fever, somnolence, coma

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Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei

tsetse fly (painful bite)

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Diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei

blood smear

Treatment for Trypanosoma brucei

Suramin for blood-borne disease | Melarsoprol for CNS penetration

Protozoa that cause hematologic infections

1. Plasmodium | 2. Babesia

Plasmodium Disease

fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly

P. vivax/ovale

``` 48 hour cycle (fevers on first and third days) dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver ```

P. falciparum

severe irregular fever patterns parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys and lungs

P. malariae

72 hr cycle (quartan)

Transmission of Plasmodium

mosquito

Diagnosis of Plasmodium

- blood smear, trophozoite ring form within RBC | - schizont containing merozoites

Treatment of Plasmodium

Begin with chloroquine which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase; if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil.

If Plasmodium infxn is life-threatening, treat with...

IV quinidine (check for G6PD deficiency).

For vivax/ovale treatment, add...

primaquine for hypnozoites 9test for G6PD deficiency).

Babesia disease

Babesisosis: fever and hemolytic anemia; northeast US; asplenia increases risk of disease

Transmission of Babesia

ixodes tick

Diagnosis of Babesia

blood smear has ring form and Maltese cross | PCR

Treatment of Babesia

Atovaquone + Azithromycin

Trypanosoma cruzi disease

Chagas disease: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus (South America)

Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi

Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") feces, deposited in a painless bite

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi

blood smear

Treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi

Benznidazole | Nifurtimox

Leishmania donovani disease

visceral leishmaniasis: spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia

Transmission of Leishmania donovani

sandfly

Diagnosis of Leishmania donovani

macrophages containing amastigotes

Treatment of Leishmania donovani

Amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate

Trichomonas vaginalis Disease

Vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning

Transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis

sexual (cannot exist outside of humans because it cannot form spores)

Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

trophozoites on wet mount | strawberry cervix

Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis

Metronidazole for pt and partner

Intestinal Nematodes (roundworms)

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (hookworms)

Transmission of Enterobius vermicularis

fecal-oral

Enterobius vermicularis disease

Intestinal infection causing anal pruritis (diagnosed via scotch tape test)

Treatment for Enterobius vermicularis

Bendazoles or ppyrantel pamoate

Transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides

fecal-oral; eggs visible in feces under microscope

Disease of Ascaris lumbricoides

intestinal infection

Treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

Strongyloides sterocralis transmission

larvae in soil penetrate the skin

Strongyloides stercoralis disease

intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain

Treatment for Strongyloides

Ivermectin or albendazole

Transmission of Anyclostoma duodenale or Necator americanus

larvae penetrate skin

Anyclostoma/Necator disease

intestinal infection causing anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls

Treatment of Ancylostoma/Necator

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

Tissue Nematodes

Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti Toxocara canis

Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus

female blackfly bite

Onchocerca volvulus disease

hyperpigmented skinand river blindness; allergic rxn to microfilaria possible

Onchocerca volvulus treatment

Ivermectin

Loa loa transmission

deer fly, mango fly, horse fly

Loa loa disease

swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva

Loa loa treatment

Diethylcarbamazine

Wuchereria bancrofti transmission

female mosquito

Wuchereria bancrofti disease

blocks lymphatic vessels: elephantiasis: takes 9 months - 1 yr after bite to become symptomatic

Treatment for Wuchereria bancrofti

Diethylcarbamazine

Toxocara canis transmission

fecal-oral

Toxocara canis disease

visceral larva migrans

Toxocara canis treatment

Albendazole or mebendazole

Cestodes (tapeworms)

1. Taenia solium 2. Diphyllobothrium latum 3. Echinococcus granulosus

Taenia solium transmission

ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingestion of eggs

Taenia solium disease

- intestinal infection (from larvae) - cysticercosis (from eggs) - neurocysticercosis (from eggs)

Treatment for Taenia solium

Praziquantel Also, albendazole for neurocysticercosis.

Diphyllobothrium latum transmission

ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish

Diphyllobothrium latum disease

vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) leading to anemia

Treatment for Diphyllobothrium

Praziquantel

Echinococcus granulosus transmission

ingestion of eggs from dog feces

Echinococcus granulosus disease

Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens are release (surgeons preinject with ethanol to kill cysts)

Treatment for echinococcus

Albendazole

Trematodes (flukes)

1. Schistosoma | 2. Clonorchis sinensis

Schistosoma transmission

snails are host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans

Disease from Schistosoma

Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation

Chronic infection with schistosoma can lead to...

SCC of the bladder.

Treatment for schistosoma

Praziquantel

Clonorchis transmission

undercooked fish

Clonorchis sinensis disease

biliary tract inflammation leading to pigmented gallstones.

Clonorchis sinensis is associated with...

cholangiocarcinoma.

Treatment for Clonorchis

Praziquantel

Microbiology Parasitology - First Aid Flashcards

(97 cards)