microbiology of ENT infections Flashcards
what do you do to diagnose an infection in throat and phyranx?
take a throat swab
what is the most common cause of a sore throat?
viral
most common bacterial cause of sore throat?
strep.pyogenes
describe strep. pyogenes?
gram positive cocci in chains, B-haemolysis
what do you treat with if its a strep.pypgenes sore throat?
oral penicillin or clarthromycin if allergic
what are the acute complications of a bacterial sore throat?
quinsy
sinusitis
otitis media
scarlet fever
what are the late complications of a bacterial sore throat?
rheumatic fever
glomerulonephritis
what bug causes diphtheria?
corynebacterium diphtheria
what does the diphtheria organism produce?
an extotoxin which is cardiotoxic and neurotoxic
severe sore throat with grey white membrane of phyarnx?
diphtheria
how to treat diphtheria?
anti toxin and penicillin/erthrymycin
white patches on red raw mucous
candida/thrush
how to treat oral thrush?
nystatin suspension topically
what is otitis media?
inflammation of middle ear
what commonly causes infections of middle ear?
often viral with secondary bacterial infection
80% resolve in 4 days without antibiotics
most common bacterial causes of middle ear infection?
H.influenzae
strep. pneumoniae
strep. pyogenes
what is acute sinusitis ?
inflammation of frontal/maxillary sinuses due to congestion
signs/symptoms for acute sinusitis
sever pain and tenderness
purulent nasal discharge -seocndarybacteria infection
if complicated sinusitis how do you treat it?
1st line- penicllin
2nd line- doxycyline(but not in children)
what is otitis externa?
inflammation of external ear canal
bacterial causes of otitis externa?
staph.aureus
prtoeus spp
pseudomonas aeruginosa
fungal causes of otitis externa?
aspergillus niger
candida albicans
if pseudomonas infection of outer ear how do you treat it?
topical gentamicin
if fungal infection of outer ear how do you treat it?
clotrimazole
what virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr viris (EBV)- in herpes family
"glandular fever" fever enlarged lymph nodes sore throat tonsilitis/pharyngitis malaise lethargy rash jaundice/hepatits splenomegaly
infectious mononucleosis
complications of infectious mononucleosis?
anaemia thrombocytopenia splenic rupture increased risk of lymphoma upper airway obstruction
what causes cold sore?
herpes simplex virus
what is herpetic whitlow?
occupational hazard of dentistry and anaesthetics–wear gloves!!
what type of herpes simplex virus causes oral lesions?
type 1
vesicles/ulcers on soft palate?
herpangia
what virus causes herpangia?
an enterovirus
what causes hand foot and mouth disease
enterovirus
recurring painful ulcers of mouth that are round or orval shaped and have inflammatory halos
confined to mouth
no systemic disease
apthous ulcers
