microbiology midterm drugs Flashcards
acanthamoeba species
pentamidine, ketoconazole, flucytosine
naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B, miconazole, rifampin
candida albicans
thrush- nystatin swish and spit.
cutaneous infection topical imidazole
more severe infections related to immunocompromised- fluconazole and amphotericin B
aspergiullus fumigatus, flavus and niger
diagnosis: amicro, cultivation hemoculture. treat: allergic type-corticosteroids. aspergiolloma- removal via surgery. inasive aspergillosis- amophotericin B or caspofungin
plasmodium
diagnosis:
1) thin/thick blood film examination for signet shaped rings in RBC.
2) PCR
3) Immunochromatography.
4) serology IFA
treatment:
vivax+ovale= chlorquine+primaquine for hypnozoite.
Prophylaxis= doxycycline
extermination of mosquitoes with pesticides.
malariae= chloroquite.
falciparum= qunine/mefloquine/ artemesinin.
.
Giardia lamblia
diagnosis:
1. stool specimen /w cyst+trophozoites.
one stool specimen per day for 3 ddays!
2. Duodenal aspiration
3. immunological tests for antigen presence.
Treat: metronidazole.
trypanosoma
diagnosis:
1) visualize trypomastigotes in blood, spinal fluid or lymph node.
2) Serology (high Igm Titers, due to antigenic variation)
3) Weinmann media to detect epimastigote. (culture)
4) Antibody agglutination test for T gamiense or animal inoculation for rhoesiense.
treat:
Early stage- suramin.
late- tryparsamide
or both stages: eflornithine
chagas disease
diagonosis: blood film(c shaped T cruzi) biopsy of node, liver spleen (amastigotes) culture( epimastigote) xenodiagnosis serological test cruzin test molecular techniques.
treat: nifurtimox (inhibit intracellular growth) or primaquine (destroys trypansoma in blood)
toxplasma gondii
sample: muscle biopsy, lymph node aspirate, blood.
serology: IF, elisa (AA IGA)
Microscope:giemsa.
treatment:
- > spiramycin, sulphonamids
- > Pyrimethamine for newborns.
prevention: cook meat, avoid cats.
what do you use against trematodes and cestodes?
praziquantel, niclosamide.
what do you use against nematodes?
albendazol, mebendazol,thiabendazol.
levamisol.
taenie solium and saginata
diagnosis: for solium+saginata= fecal exam of proglottids+eggs. for solium also: CT scan or biopsy of brain with revaled calcified cysticerci.
treat: praziquantel.
echinococcus
Pathogenesis: dogs release the eggs intermediate hosts
uptake the eggslarvae hatch in the intestine invade the
mucosa layer and reach the organs by blood circualtion and
form hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, brain
Dogs eat infected intermediate host animals larvae can
develop to adult helminth thus completing the lifecycle
Diagnosis: UH, CT, Serology, presence of hookletrs is diagnostic for hydatidosis.
Therapy: albendazole+ operation (prevent anaphylaxy)
fasciola hepatica
Pathogenesis
Cercaria are consumed by food (watercress)- in the intestine they invade in the
mucosalayer reach the liver adult helminths develop after
fertilization the eggs are layed in the bile and released by stool
Clinical features hepatomegalia, hepatitis, eosinophilia, choledochus obstruction, Diagnosis: egg detection from the stool egg detection from the bile Therapy: benzimidazol
Schistosoma – S. mansoni,
S. japonicum, S. haematobium
S. mansoni, S. japonicum – intestinal Schistosomiasis
cercariae penetrate through the skin by blood circualtion they reach the v. mesenterica
adult helminthes develop eggs are layed in the vessels by the irritation they enter the
intestine and released by stool
S. haematobium: bladder Schistosomiasis
cercariae penetrate through the skin by blood circualtion reach the urinary vena
adult helminthes develop eggs are layed in the vessels by the irritation they enter the
bladder (or ureters) eggs are released by urine
Diagnosis: S. mansoni, S. japonicum – egg detection from stool
S. haematobium – egg detection from urine
treatment: Praziquantel
disease:
- dermatitis at penetration area.
- katayama fever with laying of eggs- fever, hives, headache weight loss and cough (can last up to 3 weeks, after 4-8 weeks).
- chronic fibrosis at areas of fibrosis.
Ancylostoma duodenale,
Necator americanus
Filariform larvae penetrate the skin
with the circulation they reach the lungs,
coughed up and swallowed back in the
intestine adult helminths develop after
fertilization eggs are layed and released
with the stool
In the soil rhabditiform larvae hatch and
develop to filariform larvae
clinic:
pneumonia.
nausea, diahrrhea vomit.
hepatosplenomegaly blood loss etc.
diagnosis: stoll exam for eggs.
treatment: mebendazole.
Enterobius vermicularis
pinworm
Infection by consuming embryonated eggs stomach
acid and digestive enzymes lyse the egg wall
Larvae hatch in the small intestine
female and male adult helminths develop after
fertilization female worms lay the eggs in the perianal
fold (20.000 eggs/day) at night usually.
autoinfection and direct person-to-person transmission
perianal itch is the main symtpom.
diagnosis: scotch tape near perianal region and see eggs under microscope.
worms can be seen macroscopically at night.
therapy: albendazole.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Infection by consuming infective eggs stomach acid and digestive enzymes lyse the egg wall Larvae hatch in the intestine invade the intestinal mucosa and carried by blood circulation reach lungs , trachea, throat swallowed back to intestine in the small intestine, they develop into adult worms after fertilization the female worms lay eggs in the intestine and released by stool eggs stay in the soil to get embryonated.
The symptoms appear by the migration
peritonitis, eosinophil pneumonitis, dyspnoe,
coughing up larvae, intestinal obstrucitons
Diagnosis:
Larvae in the sputum
Eggs in the stool seen by microscope
Helminths in the stool seen by naked eyes
Therapy: albendazole
