Microbiology Genomics and Meta-omics Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary areas of microbial biochemistry?

A
  • Structure/function
  • Bioenergetic
  • Information
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2
Q

Why are proteins and RNA a significant portion of the cell?

A

Because numerous metabolic reactions happen in the cell

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3
Q

What does DNA store?

A
  • Information for synthesis of proteins for chemical reactions in a cell
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4
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonuclei acid

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5
Q

What are proteins responsible for?

A

Proteins responsible for building cellular components for maintaining the proper functioning of the cell

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6
Q

What’s inside the double helix?

A

Organic bases

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6
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Double helix Covalent bonds

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7
Q

What the examples of base pairs?

A
  • G-C
  • T-A
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8
Q

What’s the process from gene to enzyme?

A

DNA -> mRNA -> Protein/enzyme

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that encodes the synthesis of a
gene product, either RNA or protein/enzyme

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10
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

Gene-encoding DNA segment is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)

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11
Q

What happens in translation?

A

mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce protein/enzyme
- three nucleotides on mRNA and read by tRNA

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12
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • A complex RNA-protein macromolecule, found in all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis
  • Read the mRNA and synthesize protein
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13
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Message RNA

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14
Q

What are features of mRNA?

A

Unstable and short lived

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15
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A
  • Combined with an amino acid and incorporated it into a growing protein chain
16
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A
  • Found in combination with proteins in ribosomes
17
Q

What is mRNA?

A
  • Single stranded copy of a small part of the DNA
  • Carries instructions from DNA to make protein
18
Q

What is the range for genome size of bacteria and archaea?

A

130 kbp to > 14 Mbp

19
Q

What are Meta-omics techniques?

A

The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of
biochemical and biological information using computers (called bioinformatics) especially as applied to molecular genetics and genomics

20
Q

What are some meta-comic techniques?

A
  1. 16S rRNA gene sequencing (microbe’s identity)
  2. Metagenomics (gene present)
  3. Metatranscriptomics (gene transcription activity/metabolic pathway activity)
  4. Proteomics (enzyme activity, 3D protein structure
    prediction)
21
Q

What is used in sequencing platforms?

A
  • Short- read sequencer
22
Q

What is the criteria for the gene target for Phylogeny Taxonomy?

A
  • The gene target should be present in all bacteria
    and archaea
  • Adequate genetic variation within gene target to
    distinguish between different species of bacteria and archaea
23
Q

What is the 16S rRNA gene?

A

Encodes for an RNA product called 16S rRNA

24
Q

What does 16s rRNA form?

A

16S rRNA forms part of the prokaryotic ribosome (Conserved in parts – highly variable in other parts)

25
Q

How does the sequencing analysis happen?

A

DNA extraction -> 16S rRNA gene sequencing -> 16S rRNA gene sequence data -> bioinformatics analysis

26
Q

What’s an example where 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis took place?

A

Anaerobic Fluidized-bed Membrane
Bioreactor (AFMBR)

27
Q

What is involved in Metagenomics?

A
  • Investigate community of microorganisms present without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures
  • Predicts metabolic potentials
  • High resolution identification of microbes and correlation of genomes with functions of interest
28
Q

What the sequencing of metagenomics?

A
  1. DNA extraction
  2. Archaeal/Bacterial genomes present in a sample
  3. Genomes cut into small fragments
  4. Sequencing of random pool of fragments
  5. Alignments of DNA sequences with a comp
  6. Bioinformatics analysis
29
Q

What is Geobacter?

A

Geobacter species are anaerobic respiration bacterial species which have capabilities that make them useful in bioremediation.

30
Q

What are Metatranscriptomics used for?

A
  • Analyse mRNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the gene expression of microbes
  • Determines activity (metabolic pathway)