Fundamental Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What does valence electrons have?

A

These electrons have the highest energy level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does an elements chemical properties depend on?

A

Depend on the interactions between valence electrons of different atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms tend to establish a full outer shell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are atoms with fully-filled shells described as?

A
  • Less reactive than atoms with
    partially-filled shells.
  • Stable or inert
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the periodic table arranged?

A

The Periodic Table arranges all elements according to their valence electron number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are molecules?

A

Molecules are groups of the same atom held together in a stable association (O2, N2) and more than one type of element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are compounds?

A

Compounds are molecules containing more than one type of element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are atoms held together?

A

Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds (Covalent and Ionic bonds).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Reaction of losing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is reduction?

A

Reaction of gaining electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions (i.e. between cations and anions).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does covalent bond strength increase?

A

Covalent bond strength increases with the number of electron pairs shared by the atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is an atom’s affinity for electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are non polar covalent bonds?

A

Equal sharing of electrons

16
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

17
Q

What is a metalloid?

A

A metalloid is an element that exhibits properties of both metals and nonmetals

18
Q

How are electrical dipole formed?

A

The unequally-shared electrons

19
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding

20
Q

How does hydrogen bond occur?

A

Covalent Bonding: A hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with a highly electronegative atom
Partial Charge: The electronegative atom draws electrons away from hydrogen, giving hydrogen a partial positive charge.
Electronegative Attraction: The partially positive hydrogen is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom

21
Q

What is the specific and latent heat of water?

A
  • Water has a high specific heat.
  • Water has a high latent heat of vaporization.
22
Q

When does water maximum density occur?

A

4ºC