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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an example of class1-

A

dsDNA virus, smallpox, herpes

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2
Q

What is an example of class 2-

A

ssDNA virus, canine parvovirus, phages

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3
Q

What is an example of class 4-

A

+ssRNA virus, polio, West nile

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4
Q

What is an example of class5-

A

-ssRNA virus, influenza, measles

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5
Q

What is an example of class 6-

A

retrovirus, HIV

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6
Q

What is an example of a class 7-

A

pararetrovirus, hepatitis B

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7
Q

Viruses want to construct what nucleotide structure?

A

+mRNA to (+/-)DNA

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8
Q

How does double stranded DNA make (+/-)DNA in the host?

A

Uses its own or host DNA polymerase for replication to +mRNA and then to (+/-)DNA

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9
Q

How does single stranded DNA make (+/-)DNA in the host?

A

Requires DNA polymerase to generate a complementary strand to double stranded DNA to +mRNA to (+/-)DNA.

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10
Q

What is an example of class 3-

A

dsRNA virus rotavirus

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11
Q

What are the two large divisions of immune system

A

innate immunity, acquired/adaptive immunity

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12
Q

describe innate immunity

A

immediate
physical barriers
pattern recognition limited
responds to damage and/or infection

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13
Q

describe acquired immunity

A 
high level of precision for recognition 
   includes killer cells 
Two division 
   individual 
   cooperative
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14
Q

what are the physical barriers

A 
skin
mucosal membranes
physical barriers 
   cilia, eyelashes 
   mechanical stomach action
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15
Q

lysosome does what?

A

breaks bond between NAG and NAM

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16
Q

What are some antimicrobal substances in the body

A 
secretions in sweat
lysosome 
digestive enzymes 
pH variation 
iron bonding components 
defensins
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17
Q

What are some biological barriers

A

competing commensal microbal flora
granulocyte cells
inflammation

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18
Q

Where are blood cells differentiated?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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19
Q

What are neutrophils

A

most prevalent WBC
engulf many types of material
kill microbes
involved in inflammation

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20
Q

What are basophils

A

granules contain histamine and mediators

involved in allergic response to parasites

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21
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

inflammation cels to fight parasites

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22
Q

Name the monuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes- circulating
Macrophages- resident
dendritic cells - resident

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23
Q

Name the lymphocytes

A

B cells- make antibody
T cells- kill infected cells
NK cells- kill cells with antibody stuck to them

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24
Q

What cells detect ‘danger’?

A

toll-like receptors

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25
Q

What are the signals for toll-like receptors

A 
LPS 
peptidoglycan
Bacterial DNA 
Flagellin 
Viral nucleic acid forms
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26
Q

cytokines are

A

chemical communication

ligation of receptors

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27
Q

What are the signals to dictate response by monocytes

A 
release cytokines 
alter blood vessels allowing cells n 
recruit cells to site of infection 
activate cells at site 
invoke systemic response (fever)
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28
Q

How is the classical complement system activated

A

initiated by bound antibody

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29
Q

How does acute inflammation alter nearby capillaries

A

cytokines
mediators
rolling WBC stop, gain more signals and squeeze through moving towards source of infection

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30
Q

Describe the 7 steps of acute inflammation WBC control

A

recoginition by resident WBC; cytokines released, promoting inflammation
damage to host cells release bradykinin
capillary walls become sticky, tethering WBC
WBCs move out of capillaries by extravasation
Fluid moves out of capillaries
Formation a viscous pus
Fight at local site of infection

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31
Q

Signs that acute inflammation has occurred (5)

A 
redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function (joint)
32
Q

With AIDS which cell is the one that becomes infected?

A

helper T cells

33
Q

What makes the helper T cell different from the cytotoxic T cell?

A

the CD8 glycoprotein on the cytotoxic T cell

34
Q

Name the important features of the Fc section of an antibody

A

heavy chains

35
Q

Name the important features of the F(ab)2 region of an antibody

A

Antigen binding sites
light chains
heavy chains
di-sulfide bonds holding the chains

36
Q

What is an antibody variable region

A

it targets the antigens

37
Q

What is an antibody constant region

A

information that tells the system what to do

38
Q

What are the general protecting functions of antibodies

A 
neutralize by blocking function 
opsonize 
agglutinate 
initiate classical complement pathway 
target antigen-bearing cells for NK cell lysis
39
Q

IgM

A

in blood, forms pentamers, fixes complement

40
Q

IgG

A

most prevalent in blood, does many things, crosses placenta

41
Q

IgA

A

in secretions as dimer, binds and neutralizes pathogens

42
Q

IgE

A

on mast cell surface for allergic response to parasites

43
Q

IgD

A

dont know

44
Q

What is the basis of immune adaption

A

increased frequency to a specific antigen

increased diversity among those antigen-binding lymphocytes

45
Q

Difference between before exposure and after exposure to a specific antigen

A

low frequency of antigen-binding lymphocytes
all immature non-effector lymphocytes

high frequency of activated effector lymphocytes
diversity among these antigen-binding lymphocytes
some memory lymphocytes in reserve for future

46
Q

Protection after primary response needs

A

14 days,
requires cell movement
level of plasma antigen-specific antibody increased

47
Q

protection after secondary response needs

A

re-exposure to antigen
less than a week
plasma antibody specific antigen increase 1000x

48
Q

T cells only recognize antigen where?

A

on cells

49
Q

MHC Class 1 are where?

A

all nucleated cells

50
Q

MHC Class 2 are where

A

also on WBC’s

51
Q

Cytotoxic T cells with CD8 recognize what class of MHC

A

Class 1

52
Q

T-helper cells with CD4 recognize what class of MHC

A

Class 2

53
Q

describe the 3 steps for stimulating naive T cells

A

TCR binds to MHC with specific peptide
CD28 on T cell binds CD80/86 on APC
cytokines including IL-2 lead to mitosis and differentiation favoring either Th1, Th2, or Tc

54
Q

describe the 3 steps for stimulating naive B cells

A

bind specific antigen with cell surface IgM
CD40 on B cell binds CD154 on Th2
B cell receptors bind cytokines (interleukins IL-5 or IL-6)

55
Q

describe the current vaccination protocols

A

Want maximal protective immunity at the earliest possible age
Want long-lasting protective immunity
Want high participation rates (for herd immunity)

56
Q

4 types of vaccines

A 
Live, attenuated vaccine 
Inactivated virus 
Toxoids
   lack function keep epitopes
Subunit vaccines 
   portion of infectious microbe, cannot replicate
57
Q

serology

A

use of serum and antibody to assess patient’s immunity to a specific antigen

58
Q

what is the primary receptor for HIV

A

CD4

59
Q

describe the HIV lifecycle

A 
HIV binds CD4 then CCR5
Fusion, uncoating
ssRNA→ss-cDNA →ds-cDNA 
Integration (latency)
Transcription, protein production
Assembly then budding
60
Q

Untreated AIDS patients lack what cells

A

CD4 T helper cells

61
Q

AIDS patients often die from what

A

opportunistic infection
thrush
tuberculosis
toxoplasma gondii

62
Q

What type of genetic material do all viruses use at one point in time

A

+mRNA

63
Q

What are the steps in an animal virus life cycle

A

adherence
virus internalized in several ways
genome uncoating

64
Q

what are the 2 types of virus internalization

A

Membrane fusion

Endocytosis

65
Q

Internalization of measles (4steps)

A

Receptor binding
Membrane fusion (enveloped)
Viral proteins in cell membrane
Nucleic acid in cytoplasm

66
Q

Internalization of hepatitis (6 steps)

A 
receptor binding (enveloped)
Cell wall membrane around enveloped virus 
Internalized to cytoplasm 
Acidification and fusion
Release of capsid that degrades 
Release of ssRNA
67
Q

Internalization of adenovirus (6 steps)

A 
Receptor binding (naked)
Cell wraps membrane around virus 
Moved to cytoplasm inside endosome
Transport to nucleus without release 
Fusion with nuclear membrane 
Release of DNA directly into nucleus
68
Q

After uncoating many viruses do what?

A

begin to produce viral proteins and replicate viral nucleic acids within the host cells
dsDNA virus
+ssRNA virus

69
Q

After uncoating retroviruses do what?

A

retroviruses incorporate their nucleic acids into the host cell chromosome for latency, beginning replication later

70
Q

describe influenza

A

Negative ssRNA virus
Segmented
Enveloped

71
Q

How does influenza work

A

Hemagglutinin viral protein binds epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract first, infects, then spreads to the lower respiratory tract cells, compromising the lungs

72
Q

describe the replication of influenza

A

Inside the epithelial cell, endocytosis uncoats the viral ssRNA segments
+RNA strand segments produced by viral polymerase are then translated to make viral proteins
-RNA strand segments are also made
New viral particles are assembled within capsid on the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane
Budding of enveloped virions; neuraminidase

73
Q

Antigenic drift does what?

A

annual variation due to point mutations of H and/or N genes

74
Q

Antigenic shift does what?

A

causes pandemics, due to reassortment of segments in co-infected hosts

75
Q

vaccination for flu does waht

A

induces antibody that binds hemagglutinin, blocking viral attachment

76
Q

how does Tamiflu work?

A

block neuraminidase activity, slowing virion release from infected cells

Microbiology (4 decks)

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