Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards by Caitlyn Hammersley

Who discovered the first microscopes?

Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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Who had the theory of spontaneous generation?

Francesco Redi

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Origin of microorganisms

John Tyndall

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Medical microbiology

Robert Koch

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Light microscope range

10^-6

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Electron microscope range

To 10^-8

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Atomic force microscopy

To 10^-9

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X-ray crystallography range

10^-10

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Types of differential stains

Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stain

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Bacillus is what shape?

Rod

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Coccus is what shape?

Sphere

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Spirochetes is what shape?

Corkscrew

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Vibrio is what shape?

Curved rod

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What’s in a prokaryote?

70s ribosomes
DNA nucleoid
Cellular envelope

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What is the cellular envelope

The bag that holds everything together.

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What’s the cellular envelope made of?

At least 1 membrane
Cell wall with peptidoglycans
Other structures

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Describe the gram negative cell envelope

Two membranes
Periplasm
Thin Peptidoglycan layer
Porins

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Bacterial membranes have what linkages?

Ester

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What are hopanoids?

Cholesterol like substances that bring stability to the cell membrane.

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What are the parts of the lipopolysaccharide?

O polysaccharide (o-antigen)
Distinctive strain identifier
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

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Characteristics of a cell wall

Rigid, prevents lysis
Porous
Anti microbial target

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Where does a lysosomes attack?

Between NAM and NAG

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Describe mycobacteria cell wall

Very greesy. Hard to stain well with gram stain

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What is a gyrase and topisomerases?

Enzymes to supercoil the nucleoid

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What is a tylkoid membrane

Helps with photosynthesis

What are storage granules

Store phosphate and sulfur for aspiring anaerobically

Archaea have what membrane structures?

L glycerol Ether linkages Branched lipids (more stable then saturated and unsaturated molecules)

Describe archaea cell walls

Pseudo peptidoglycan | NAG and NAT

Describe Archaea DNA

Positive supercoil done by reverse DNA gyrase

What is selective media

Life or death media. Has some selective factor that keeps some microbes from growing.

Macconkey agar selects for

Gram negative E. coli turn red Salmonella is a non fermenter and is colorless

Energy source classifications

Phototroph- light (anabaena) | Chemotroph- chemical (most microbes)

Carbon Sources

Autotroph- inorganic CO2 (anabaena) | Heterotrophs- organic compounds

Electron source

Lithotroph- inorganics (water) anabaena | Organotrophs- organics (food) salmonella

Salmonella doubling time

30 minutes

Lag phase

Lack of cell division

Log phase

Constant growth Metabolites Sporulatio of gram positive in late phase

Stationary phase

Growth and death rate equal | Secondary metabolites

Death phase

Death rate surpasses growth | Some survival due to evolution

Benefits of sporulation

Resistant to heat, dedication, UV resistance, drying resistance, oxygen resistant Awakens with environmental cues

Temperature classification

Mesophile- 15-45 C Psychrophiles- ~15 C Thermophiles- 55-70 C Hyperthermophiles- 80 C

Salt classification

Halophiles- 3%+ NaCl | Extreme Halophiles- 10-20% NaCl

pH classification

Acidophiles- pH <5 Alkaliphiles- pH 9+ Neutrophiles- pH 5-8

Aerobic respiration

Oxygen dependent | Most ATP

Anaerobic respiration

Oxygen dependent | Final product NO2 and other inorganics

Fermentation

Oxygen independent No electron transport chain Final product is organics and co2

Detoxification requires what

Superoxide dismutase to consume superoxide radical | Catalase to consume peroxide

Strict aerobe

Has sod and catalase | Requires O2

Facultative anaerobe

Has sod and catalase Grows better with O2 Can respire aerobic ally and ferment

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Sod and catalase Doesn't care about o2 Only ferments

Microaerophile

Little sod and catalase | Respires aerobically

Strict anaerobe

No sod or catalase | Respites anaerobically or ferments

What types of microbes are susceptible to vancomycin?

Gram positive, cant go through porins on the gram negative microbes

crystal violet is selective for which microbes?

gram positive

To determine the difference between Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium what kinds of stains could use?

gram stain and a spore stain

Flagella are used for what?

motility, chemotaxis

Pili are used for what?

conjunction, adherence, motility

Thylakoid membranes are used for what?

photosynthesis

Storage granules are used for what?

small membrane bound organelle that stores substances

Plasmids are used for what?

circular DNA molecule

T4 bacteriophage has what type of life-cycle

slow-release life cycle

protein synthesis inhibitors target what? and in which way? (Zyvox, Tetracyclines)

70S ribosomes targeted through reversible and competitive inhabitation

Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors target what and in which way? (beta-lactams, bactericidal, Vancomycin)

inversible competitive inhibition, hitting the cell wall.