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Microbiology 2110 > MIcrobiology Exam 3 Eukaryotes > Flashcards

MIcrobiology Exam 3 Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

The first eukaryotic cell appeared

A

1.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya all evolved from

A

LUCA

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3
Q

Microbial members of domain Eukarya are much

A

more genetically and ecologically diverse than larger eukaryotes

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4
Q

Eukarya exhibits

A

morphological and ecological complexity but a limited range of metabolic diversity

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5
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Originated from prokaryotic cells trapped inside other prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

Primary Endosymbioses

A

acquisition by eukaryotic host cell of respiring bacterium or phototropic cyanobacterium, followed by the evolution of endosymbiont into mitochondria or chloroplasts

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7
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

acquisition by a mitochondria containing eukaryotic cell of a red or green algal cell

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Independent division
Circular chromosome with bacterial DNA sequences
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Bacterial membranes and be inhibited by drugs that only affect bacteria

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9
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence

A

Similarity between organelles of modern eukaryotic cells and the Structure of bacteria

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10
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Well supported
Placed both bacteria and chloroplast on a family tree of bacteria
Mitochondria’s closest relative are rickettsias
(An intracellular bacteria)

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Motility

A

Cillia

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12
Q

Cilia structure

A

Similar to flagella in structure, smaller and more numerous

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13
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella

A

much simpler and thicker than prokaryotic
X10 thicker

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14
Q

The Glycocalyx

A

Outermost layer
Composed of polysaccharides

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15
Q

Glycocalyx appears as

A

A network of fibers
A slime layer
A capsule

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16
Q

Cell walls of fungi and most algae

A

Rigid and provide structural support

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17
Q

Fungal cell wall

A

Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers made out of chitin or cellulose

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18
Q

Algae cell wall

A

Varied in chemical composition

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19
Q

The cell membrane

A

bilayer of phospholipids (protein molecules are embedded)

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20
Q

The cell wall contains

A

Sterols (Provide Stability)

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes

A

permeable barriers in transportation

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22
Q

Eukaryotic flagella move the cell by rotating it using the hook in the basal body

A

False

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23
Q

The Nucleus

A

Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

The nucleus contains

A

DNA

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25
Q

The nucleus is separated from

A

the cell cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope which is perforated with pores

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26
Q

Nucleolus is

A

where components of ribosomes are made

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27
Q

Rough ER

A

ER with ribosomes attached

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28
Q

Attached ribosomes make

A

membrane proteins and secretory protein.

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29
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes attached

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30
Q

What does the The smooth er do

A

Detoxifies drugs and poisons, synthesizes lipids (inc. steroids)

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31
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

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32
Q

Lysosome

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules
Lysosomes work best in acidic environments

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33
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

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34
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

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35
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

continuous outer membrane with an inner folded membrane

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36
Q

Mitochondria 2.0

A

Generate energy
Divide Independently
Contains circular strands of DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes

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37
Q

Chloroplasts is found in

A

Algae and plant cells

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38
Q

Chloroplasts is capable of

A

converting energy from sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis

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39
Q

Chloroplasts produces

A

oxygen gas as a by product of photosynthesis

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40
Q

Chloroplasts resembles

A

Mitochondria but larger, containing special pigments

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41
Q

Ribosomes - Protein Factory

A

Multiple ribosomes are often found arranged in short chains called polyribosomes

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42
Q

Ribosomes Distributed

A

Freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
Attached to the rough ER
Appear inside mitochondria and chlorplasts

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43
Q

Size and structure of the ribosomes

A

Eukaryotic ribosome is 80S, a combination of 60S and 40S subunits

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44
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome is

A

70S, a combination of 50S and 30S

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45
Q

The Cytoskeleton

A

is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

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46
Q

The cytoskeleton gives

A

animal cells shape and support

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47
Q

The cytoskeleton controls

A

intracellular traffic

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48
Q

The cytoskeleton gives cells

A

some ability to control their movement

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49
Q

In the endosymbiont theory, an engulfed prokaryote that could perform aerobic respiration evolved over generations into

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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50
Q

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in most eukaryotic
cell

A

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Proteins that need to be modified by the golgi bodies arrive from

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

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52
Q

Microscopic Fungi Two groups

A

Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
Microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)

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53
Q

Kingdom Fungi (Eumycota

A

Large variety and complexity
Existed on Earth for ~650 million years
~100,000 species are known (estimates to be as high as 1.5 million)

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54
Q

Fungal Cells Chemical Traits

A

Cell Wall -> chitin
Cell membranes -> Sterols (ergosterol)

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55
Q

Two basic morphological types:

A

Hyphae
Yeasts

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56
Q

Yeasts

A

Round to oval shape
Asexual reproduction, budding

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57
Q

Hyphae

A

Long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi (molds)

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58
Q

Pseudohypha

A

chain of yeast cells

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59
Q

Some fungal cells are considered

A

dimorphic

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60
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Get nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates

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61
Q

Saprobic

A

the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

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62
Q

Parasitic

A

grow on the bodies of current or previously living animals or plants, although very few require a living host

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63
Q

Fungi penetrates

A

the substrate and secrete enzymes that reduces it to small molecules that can be absorbed by the cells

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64
Q

Fungi are often found in

A

nutritionally poor or adverse environments, and those with high salt or sugar content

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65
Q

Benefits of Fungi

A

Decomposing organic matter
Stable associations with plant roots
engineered to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins
eaten or used to provide flavoring

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66
Q

Cells of most microscopic fungi grow in

A

loose associations or colonies

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67
Q

Colonies of yeasts

A

soft, uniform texture and appearance

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68
Q

Colonies of filamentous fungi are noted for

A

the striking cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

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69
Q

Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation

A

Many can propagate by the outward growth of existing hyphae or by fragmentation

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70
Q

Spores

A

Primary reproductive mode of fungi
Can be dispersed through the environment by air, water, and living things
Will germinate upon finding a favorable substrate and produce a new fungus colony in a short time

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71
Q

Sporangiospores

A

formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head

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72
Q

Conidiospores or conidia

A

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

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73
Q

Sexual Spore Formation

A

Mixing of DNA from two parent fungi creates offspring with combinations

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74
Q

Sexual spores vary from

A

simple fusion of fertile hyphae of two different strains, or as a complex union of male and female structures

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75
Q

Zygospores

A

diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite strains (called the plus and minus strains) fuse and create a diploid zygote

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76
Q

Penicillium notatum mold

A

a very common decomposer of citrus fruit, is known for its velvety texture and typical blue-green color.

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77
Q

A number of species are pathogenic to corn and grain:

A

Reduces crop production
Can cause disease in domestic animals consuming contaminated feed crops

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78
Q

Fungi and Human Disease

A

Nearly 300 species of fungi can cause human disease

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79
Q

Community-acquired - Fungi and Human Disease

A

infections caused by environmental pathogens

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80
Q

Hospital-associated- Fungi and Human Disease

A

infections caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings

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81
Q

Opportunistic infections-Fungi and Human Disease

A

caused by low-virulence species infecting already-weakened individuals

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82
Q

Dermatophytes

A

Unique group of fungi that infect keratinous tissue

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83
Q

Dermatophytes invade

A

the hair, skin, and nails of a living host

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84
Q

Genua examples of Dermatophytes

A

Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton

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85
Q

Dermatophytes can cause

A

Ringworm, athlete’s foot, jock itch, fungal nail bed infections

86
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

A pulmonary or disseminated infection acquired by inhalation of soil contaminated with the encapsulated yeasts.

87
Q

Cryptococcosis causative agent

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

88
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Infection commonly associated with immunosuppressive

EX) Meningitis and meningoencephalitis

89
Q

Cryptococcus gatti

A

Infections not associated with immunosuppression

90
Q

Aspergillosis

A

An infection caused by Aspergillus species, a common mold

91
Q

Aspergillus is

A

ubiquitous in the environment

92
Q

Aspergillus can be found

A

in soil, decomposing plant matter, household dust, building materials, plants, food, and water.

93
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus is

A

the most prevalent and is largely responsible for invasive aspergillosis with a high mortality rate

94
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

synthesizes a poison called aflatoxin

95
Q

Aspergillus flavus is lethal to

A

animals who eat contaminated grain

96
Q

In humans Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin production can lead to

A

acute hepatitis, immunosuppression, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neutropenia.

97
Q

Ophiocordyceps unilateralis infects

A

Insects

98
Q

Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is found in

A

Tropical forest ecosystems

99
Q

Other members of cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps

A

also parasitize insects

100
Q

Histoplasmosis 
“Ohio Valley Fever” is caused by the fungas

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

101
Q

Histoplasmosis 
“Ohio Valley Fever” affects

A

The lungs

102
Q

Histoplasmosis 
“Ohio Valley Fever” is found

A

in soils, often associated with bat or bird shit

103
Q

Candidiasis is typically on the

A

skin or mucous membranes

104
Q

Candidiasis is caused by

A

Yeast - candida

105
Q

Residential flora

A

Found on skin, mouth, throat, gut, and vagina

106
Q

Candida albicans (most common)

A

Opportunistic pathogen
Thrush, vaginal yeast infection, cutaneous candidiasis

107
Q

Ergotism

A

Poisoning produced by eating food affected by ergot

108
Q

Ergotism symptoms

A

headache, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations, and gangrene of the fingers and toes

109
Q

Ergotism is also known as

A

Saint Anthony’s Fire, ergotoxicosis, or ergot poisoning

110
Q

Ergot

A

a group of fungi in the genus Claviceps

111
Q

Ergot infects

A

rye and other cereals

112
Q

Aflatoxins are produced by

A

Aspergillus

113
Q

Which of the following structures would NOT be associated with fungi

A

chloroplasts

114
Q

Ergosterol synthesis is often the target of anti-fungal drugs

A

True

115
Q

Claviceps can cause several effects in humans and other animals, such as hallucinations and gangrene. It is usually ingested by contaminated

A

Grain

116
Q

Which of the following fungi are the cause of ergotism

A

Claviceps

117
Q

Algae

A

A group of photosynthetic organisms

118
Q

Algae is widespread in

A

fresh and marine waters

Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats

119
Q

Algae contributes

A

significantly to oxygen content of the atmosphere through photosynthesis

120
Q

Algae is

A

Unicellular, colonial, and filamentous forms

121
Q

Algaes larger forms can

A

possess tissues and simple organs

122
Q

Algae exhibits most organelles including

A

Chloroplasts

123
Q

One of the most prevalent groups on Earth

A

are the single-celled diatoms

124
Q

Diatoms cell wall contains

A

silica

125
Q

Diatoms are high in diversity

A

useful in forensics in analyses of bodies of water

126
Q

Forensic Limnology

A

in order to solve forensic and medical cases

127
Q

Many animal tissues are inhospitable to algae

A

algae is rarely infectious

128
Q

Prototheca

A

associated with skin and subcutaneous infections in humans and animals

129
Q

Primary medical threat is due to food poisoning

A

Caused by marine algae toxins
E.g. Dinoflagellates

130
Q

Prototheca – an infectious algae

A

associated with skin and subcutaneous infections in humans and animals

131
Q

Prototheca lost its

A

ability to synthesize chlorophyll and adopted a heterotrophic nutrition

132
Q

Prototheca only

A

recognized as human and animal pathogens in the 1960s

133
Q

First human outbreak of Prototheca

A

2018

134
Q

Treatment for Prototheca

A

None

135
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Can cause algae blooms

136
Q

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

A

is caused by eating exposed clams or other invertebrates

137
Q

Ciguatera

A

a serious intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish (e.g. bass and mackerel)
No antidote and cooking does not destroy the toxin

138
Q

Diatoms are known for their ____ cell walls

A

Silica

139
Q

Algae are typically non-infectious for humans, one exception is

A

Prototheca

140
Q

The Protozoa name comes from

A

greek, first animals

141
Q

The protozoa

A

about 12,000 species of single celled creatures

142
Q

Species in the protozoa are

A

harmless

143
Q

A few species of the protozoa are

A

pathogens

144
Q

Protozoan Form and Function

A

Single cells containing all of the major eukaryotic organelles

145
Q

Ectoplasm- Cytoplasm

A

clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

146
Q

Endoplasm- Cytoplasm

A

granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles

147
Q

Heterotrophic

A

require food in a complex organic form

148
Q

Predominant habitats are

A

fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals

149
Q

Trophozoite

A

motile feeding stage requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

150
Q

Cyst

A

Dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
Resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals
Can be dispersed by air currents
Important factor in the spread of disease

151
Q

Reproduction of protozoa

A

asexual mitotic cell division or multiple fission

152
Q

Sexual reproduction also occurs in most protozoa:

A

Ciliates participate in conjugation

153
Q

Sexual reproduction of protozoa

A

can be advantageous in evolution

154
Q

Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis)

A

Flagellated

155
Q

Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis) can be

A

asymptomatic

156
Q

Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis) treatment

A

Antibiotics

157
Q

Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis) in Men

A

mostly asymptomatic
Irritation inside the penis
Mild discharge
Slight burning after urination or ejaculation

158
Q

Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis) in women

A

Greenish-yellow, frothy, “fishy scent” vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Vaginal itching and irritation

159
Q

Trypanosoma (African Trypanosomiasis)
 causative agent

A

(Trypanosoma brucei)

160
Q

Trypanosoma (African Trypanosomiasis)
(Trypanosoma brucei) vector

A

tsetse fly

161
Q

Trypanosoma (African Trypanosomiasis)
(Trypanosoma brucei) signs and symptoms

A

Anxiety, Drowsiness during the day, Insomnia at night, Fever, Headache, Mood changes, Sleepiness (may be uncontrollable), Sweating, Swollen lymph nodes, red, painful nodule at site of fly bite, Weakness

162
Q

Trypanosoma (African Trypanosomiasis)
(Trypanosoma brucei) treatment

A

should be early

163
Q

Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) causative agent

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

164
Q

Chagas Disease vector

A

Triatomine bugs, known as ‘kissing bugs’
mainly transmitted by feces of the insect

165
Q

Chagas Disease acute

A

maybe asymptomatic or mild like fever, malaise
followed by remission – no symptoms for many years

166
Q

Chagas Disease chronic

A

includes digestive problems and heart failure

167
Q

Chagas disease should be

A

treated early

168
Q

Giardia

A

Most frequently diagnosed intestinal parasitic disease in the United States

169
Q

Giardia is found in

A

surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected people or animals

170
Q

Giardia is transmitted by

A

contaminated sources or fecal-oral route (hands or fomites)

171
Q

Most common way to get Giardia

A

swallowing contaminated drinking water or recreational water

172
Q

Giardia symptoms

A

Gas; Stomach cramps or pain; upset stomach or nausea; dehydration
Diarrhea (2-5 loose stools a day)

173
Q

Amoebic dysentery - Amebiasis causative agent

A

Entamoeba histolytica

174
Q

Amoebic dysentery - Amebiasis is more common in

A

tropical areas with poor sanitary condition

175
Q

Amoebic dysentery - Amebiasis symptoms

A

Mild diarrhea to severe dysentery
Liver abscesses
commonly asymptomatic

176
Q

Amoebic dysentery - Amebiasis transmitted by

A

Oral or anal contact
contaminated food and water

177
Q

Brain-eating Amoeba causitive agent

A

Naegleria fowleri

178
Q

Brain-eating Amoeba found in

A

Warm fresh water and soil

179
Q

Brain-eating Amoeba gets in the body through

A

the nose travels to the brain

180
Q

Brain-eating Amoeba mortality rate

A

Nearly always fatal (>97% mortality rate)

181
Q

(PAM)

A

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

182
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris


A

Free living amoeba

183
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris
 is

A

Very rare but serious infection of the brain and spinal cord

184
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris
 enters the body when

A

soil containing Balamuthia comes in contact with skin wounds and cuts, or when dust is breathed in or gets in the mouth - then travel to the brain through blood stream

185
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris mortality rate

A

Mortality rate > 95%

186
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Rare, but severe infection of the eye (cornea)

187
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis can result in

A

permanent visual impairment or blindness

188
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis most common in

A

people who wear contact lenses

189
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis is found in

A

bodies of water, soil, and air

190
Q

Balantidiasis causitive agent

A

(Balantidium coli)

191
Q

Balantidiasis

A

The only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans

192
Q

Balantidiasis cyts are responsible for

A

for transmission of Balantidiasis

193
Q

Balantidiasis symptoms

A

Mostly asymptomatic, but can cause persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes a perforated colon

194
Q

Balantidiasis symptoms

A

Mostly asymptomatic, but can cause persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes a perforated colon

195
Q

Toxoplasmosis causitive agent

A

Toxoplasma gondii

196
Q

Toxoplasmosis targets

A

Pregnant women and individuals who have compromised immune systems should be cautious

197
Q

Toxoplasmosis transmissions

A

Mother-to-child (congenital) transmission

198
Q

Toxoplasmosis symptoms

A

“Flu” like symptoms  swollen lymph glands and muscle ache/pain

199
Q

Cat litter box disease

A

contaminated food and water

200
Q

Crypto

A

Cryptosporidium

201
Q

“Crypto” Cryptosporidium

A

Many species infect animals, some of which infect humans

202
Q

“Crypto” Cryptosporidium most common is

A

Respiratory and gastrointestinal illness - most common is watery diarrhea

203
Q

“Crypto”  Cryptosporidium can

A

Can survive long periods of time outside host
Protected by an outer shell
Tolerant to chlorine disinfection

204
Q

“Crypto”  Cryptosporidium methos of transmission

A

Water is the most common method of transmission
Drinking and recreational

205
Q

“Crypto”  Cryptosporidium is the

A

Leading cause of waterborne disease among humans in the United States

206
Q

“Crypto”  Cryptosporidium is the

A

Leading cause of waterborne disease among humans in the United States

207
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium

208
Q

Flagellates that infect the genital tract

A
209
Q

Which of the following is the same for both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei and the infectious diseases they cause

A

Importance of early diagnosis and treatment

210
Q

Which of the following is thought to be one of the agents of frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in North America

A

Giardia

Microbiology 2110 (4 decks)

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