Microbiology 2110 Exam 3 Flashcards
Which type of microbe has not been CONFIRMED to cause disease/infection in humans
Archaea
Inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents, can transfer disease to a new host
Fomite
A disease that is always present in a certain population or region
Endemic
How many people does acute respiratory infections kill a year
More than 4 million
Respiratory Infections - Aerosols
Aerosols are important for person to person transmissions of many infectious diseases
Respiratory Infections - Pathogens
Pathogens survive poorly in air, they are effectively transmitted only over short distances
Fomites
Can cause transmissions
Respiratory infections
offer different environmental niches, and favor different microbes
Upper tract infections
Acute , non life threatening
Lower tract Infections
Chronic , can be life threatening
Upper and lowers tract infections
They can set the stage for secondary infections
Streptococcal Diseases
Infections occur if host defenses are weakened or if a highly virulent strain is introduced
Encapsulated
Encapsulated strains are pathogenic (harder to kill)
Treatment for streptococcal diseases
Antimicrobial agents
Pathogen that causes Streptococcal Diseases
Streptococcus pyogenes
Places Streptococcal Disease show up
Inner ear, Mammary glands, Skin as impetigo
Group A streptococci are responsible for
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and Scarlet fever
Group A streptococci can produce
Pyrogenic Exotoxin
Rare cases of Group A streptococci can cause
Severe systemic infections and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria)
Causative agent of Strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
Causative agent of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a
common secondary agent
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is often the cause of
Death in older patients that have respiratory failure
Diphtheria causative agent
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria is found in
Young children , a severe respiratory disease
Treatments for diphtheria
DTAP vaccine highly effective
Toxoid
Pertussis (Whooping cough) causative agent
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis is common in
School age children, an acute highly infectious respiratory disease
Treatment for pertussis
Dtap vaccine, highly effective
Pertussis is
Endemic worldwide
Mycobacterium Diseases
Tuberculosis (TB)
Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)
Tuberculosis causative agent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tb is transmitted
by airborne droplets
TB kills
1.5 million per year , top infectious disease killer world wide
Tb is a
Increasing Incidence
Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) Causative agent
Mycobacterium leprae
Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) is spread by
Direct contact or airborne
Staphylococcus Infections
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus Infections infect
Skin and wounds
Staphylococcus Infections causes what in women
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Virulence factors from Staphylococcus Infections
Hemolysins (lyse red blood cells)
Coagulase (enzyme that clots blood)
Leukocidin (protein that destroys white blood cells)
Which of the following is NOT a staphylococcal infection/disease
Acne
Boils
Strep throat
Meningitis
Strep throat
Destroyed tissue throughout the lungs and the presence of acid-fast bacteria in a sputum sample likely indicate infection by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What causes STI’s
a variety of bacteria, viruses, protists, and even fungi
Where are pathogens from STIs found
Body fluids from the genitourinary tract that are exchanged during sexual activity
Causative agent of gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
How is Gonorrhea spread
Person to person contact
Gonorrhea does not survive away from
Mucous membranes such as pharynx, conjunctiva, rectum, or genitourinary tract
Gonorrhea is often prevalent and asymptomatic in
Women
Symptoms in females
Mild vaginitis
Untreated can lead to pelvic inflammations
Symptoms in males
Painful infection of the urethral canal
Infants born to a mother with gonorrhea may acquire
An eye infection
Syphilis causative agent
Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
Syphilis is transmitted by
tiny breaks in the skin, epithelial layer
Syphilis transmitted from Mother to unborn baby
Congenital syphilis
Stages of Syphilis
Primary, Secondary, latent, tertiary
Treatments for Syphilis
Penicillin is higly effective for primary and secondary stages
Human experiments for syphilis
Tuskegee Experiment (1932-1972)
Tuberculoid Hansen’s disease is caused by the pathogen ______
Mycobacterium leprae
How is the syphilis spirochete initially transmitted?
Through tiny breaks in the skin epithelial layer
Rickettsial Disease are
small bacteria that have strict intracellular existence in vertebrates
Rickettsia’s are associated with
Blood sucking arthropods
Rickettsia’s have not been
cultured in artificial culture media
Rickettsia’s growth normally takes place in
Animals, in the phagocytes such as macrophages
Rocky Mount Spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettisii - ticks
Epidemic typhus, Typhus fever
Rickettsia prowazekii- lice
Endemic Typhus
Rickettsia Typhi - Fleas
Lyme disease affects
humans and other animals
Where was lyme disease found
Old Lyme Connecticut
Lyme Disease is
Most prevalent arthropod borne disease in the United States
Lyme disease is spread by
The deer tick
Symptoms of lyme disease
Headache, Backache, Chills , and Fatigue
In 75% cases of lyme disease
A large rash occurs at the site of the tick bite
Lyme disease causative agent
Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Lyme disease contains
a linear chromosome (as opposed to a circular) (RARE)
Initial stages of lyme disease
can be treated with antibiotics
Lyme disease chronic stage
develops in weeks to moths
Some patients with lyme disease develop
arthritis
Other patients with lyme disease develop
neurological damage or heart damage
Lyme disease has no
toxins or virulence factors have been identified but the pathogen triggers a strong immune response
Plague
Disease of domestic and wild rodents
Humans are accidental hosts
Plague has caused
more deaths in humans than any other bacterial disease
Plague causative agent
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis is
a Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium
Two main forms of plague infection
Bubonic and pneumonic
Plague can be treated if
Rapidly diagnosed
Plague is treated with
Gentamycin or Streptomycin
If plagues are treated promptly
mortality reduced to less than 5%
Anthrax Causative agent
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis identified by
Robert Koch
What disseminate B. anthracis
Endospores
B. anthracis natural reservoir is
Soils commonly associated with farm animals
Treatment for Anthrax
Antibiotics if done early
Vaccine for high risk individuals
Anthrax
Use as a potential bioterrorism or biological warfare agent
Which of the following causes Rocky mountain fever
Rickettsia rickettsi
Waterborne Bacterial Diseases definition
Water that looks perfectly transparent may still be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms.
Waterborner and Foodborne disease are tested for
Indicator organisms
Presence of indicator organism
signals potential for disease
a key fecal coliform
Escherichia coli
Fecal coliforms are used in
water safety testing
an indicator organism
Coliforms
In the United States, water quality is reported to the EPA monthly as described by the
Safe drinking water act
Cholera
Severe gastrointestinal diarrheal disease
Cholera causative agent
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera is transmitted through
ingestion of contaminated water
Cholera is largely restricted to
developing countries
Cholera can be controlled by
application of water treatment
Vibrio cholerae attaches to
epithelial cells in the small intestine, where it grows and releases cholera toxin
The enterotoxin of cholera causes
fluid losses of up to 20 liters per person per day severe dehydration
Mortality rate of untreated Cholers
25–50%
Treatment reduces it to 1%
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever) Causative agent
Salmonella enterica (Serotype: typhi)
Salmonella enterica (Serotype: typhi)
the most important waterborne pathogenic bacteria
Typhoid fever ( Enteric fever) is transmitted by
Feces contaminated water
Typhoid fever ( Enteric fever) is transmitted by is common in what countries
Africa and southeast Asia
Progress of Typhoid fever ( Enteric fever)
ingested cells reach the small intestine grow enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream travel to many different organs
Food poisoning
ingestion of foods containing preformed microbial toxins
Microorganisms of food poising
Does not have to grow in the host
Food infection
Microbial infection resulting from the ingestion of pathogen-contaminated food followed by growth of pathogen in the host
Microbial sampling for foodborne disease
Eight microorganisms account for the great majority of foodborne illness
Whooping cough is frequently observed in
School age children
Salmonella is unlikely to be found in
Ticks
The Tuskegee study was performed on patients who were infected with
Treponema pallidum
Salmonellosis is caused by
eating food contaminated or handling Salmonella-infected animals
Onset of salmonellosis occurs
12-72 hours after ingestion
Disease normally resolves in 2-5 days
Salmonella ingested in food or water
invades phagocytes and grows as an intracellular pathogen
Listeriosis
A gastrointestinal food infection that may lead to bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) and meningitis
Listeriosis causative agent
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is a
intracellular pathogen
