Animal Viruses and their diseases Flashcards
______ should be used against viruses
Antivirals
Antibiotics are designed for
bacterial infections, not effective for viruses
All antiviral drugs target
one step in the viral life
It is easier to create vaccines to prevent
viral disease
Rhinovirus “of the nose”
Most common in humans
Rhinovirus predominant cause of
the common cold
Transmission of rhinovirus
Respiratory droplets
fomites
Symptoms of rhinovirus
Sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough,
Most affected by rhinovirus
Infants, elderly, immunocompromised
Rhinovirus vaccine
None
Human papillomavirus - HPV
Small DNA, non enveloped, icosahedral capsid
HPV Types
170
HPV infects
skin and mucous membranes (warts)
HPV is
the most common STI in the U.S
HPV goes away within
2 years no minimal health problems
If HPV doesnt go away in two years
Health issues such as genital warts and cancer may appear
HPV is not killed by
common hand santizer and disinfectants
Vaccinations for HPV
Gardasil- 9 (9vHPV) it prevents against 9 types
Nearly all cervical cancer is due to
HPV 2 strands (HPV 16 and 18) account for 70% of cases
HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive
oropharyngeal cancers
Varicella zoster virus (Chickenpox and Shingles)- Chickenpox
Itchy,blister like rash appears first on the chest , back and face then spreads over the entire body
Chicken pox is
Highly contagious up to 90% of close contacts (non- immune) will become infected
Shingles
Painful rash that develops on one side of the face or body
Shingles blister typically scab over
in 7 to 10 days (fully clear in 2-4 weeks)
10-18% of people will experience
postherpetic neuralgia
Transmissions of shingles
After a person has chickenpox the virus stays inactive on the body and the virus can reactivate later causing shingles
Transmissions of shingles is
Once in a lifetime
low risk if the rash is covered
No spreading before blisters appear or after rash crusts
Chickenpox spreads VzV easier than
Shingles
Vaccines for chickenpox and shingles
two doses , recommended for 50 year olds and antivirals
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
A disabling and life threatening disease
Poliomyelitis (Polio) is caused by
poliovirus
Symptoms of polio
Visible symptoms
1/4 will have flu like symptoms (usually lasts 2-5 days)
Small portion will develop severe symptoms with polio such as
Meningitis or paralysis
Most severe symptom of Polio
Paralysis
Paralysis in Polio
2-10% will die, virus affects the muscles that help them breathe
Transmission of polio
Lives in the throat and intestines
Person to Person (fecal or respiratory droplets)
Polio vaccination
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) injected with polio but altered to not cause damage
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
IPV has been used in the U.S since
the 2000
Polio has no
cure
Variola virus (smallpox)
Distinctive fever & progressive skin rash
Only in humans
Smallpox is contagious once
first sores appeared in mouth or throat
tell me one country where wild polio still exists
Afghanistan and pakistan
Smallpox is spread by
Respiratory droplets
Scabs and fluids of patient sores
Fomites
Rarely airborne
Smallpox mortality rate
30%
Survivors of smallpox have
permanent scars
Smallpox vaccinations
is successful. last seen case was in 1949
World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated in
1980
Rabies lyssavirus (Rabies)
Infects central nervous system
Death rate of rabies
99%
Symptoms of rabies
Similar to the flu
cerebral dysfunction, anxiety,confusion, and agitation
People with rabies may experience
delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, hydrophobia (fear of water), and insomnia
Transmission of rabies
Direct contact
This viral disease causes a severe long-term physical disability such as paralysis
Polio
This virus can become latent in the body and reactive as an acute infection later in life
Varicella zoster virus
Influenza (Flu)
Contagious respiratory illness
The flu infects the
nose, throat, and lungs
Two main types of the flu
A &B responsible for seasonal flu epidemics
Symptoms of the flu
Cough, Sore throat, congested nose, muscle aches, headaches, fatigue
People at risk for the flu
young, elderly,immunocompromised, certain health conditions
Complications from the flu
pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infection, complications of past medical conditions will worsen such as asthma, diabetes, congestive heart failure
most contagious with the flu in the
first 3-4 days
Flu vaccine
Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)
Neuraminidase inhibitor , it helps the flu replicate most effective if you have had symptoms for 48 hours
Vaccination for the flu
yearly
the body makes antibodies in 2 weeks
United states vaccines are quadrivalent = protective against 4 different strands of the flu
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Ebola is believed to be
animal borne ( bats and nonhuman primates)
Ebola affects
Humans and nonhuman primates
Ebola is a
Hemorrhagic virus
Multiple species of ebola…
Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus)
Natural reservoir of ebola virus is believed to be
bats
Ebola is Transmitted between
humans and animals to humans through body fluids
Transmissions of ebola
Contaminated fomites
Sexual contact with someone who is sick or recovered from EVD for a time
2014-2016 ebola epidemic
the largest in history effecting multiple countries in west africa
Survivors of ebola
Develop anitbodies for 10 years for spef stran
May develop long term complications, joint and vision problems
Viral Persistence after recovery of ebola
Immunologically privileged sites may retain the virus -> testes/ interior of the eyes, placenta, and central nervous system ( cerebrospinal fluid)
Vaccine for ebola
rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo) made in 2019
Protective against Zaire ebolavirus
