Microbiology Exam 3 Flashcards
Botulism
Etiology: Clostridium botulinum, Gram positive, bacillus, motile, endospores, obligate anaerobe
Reservoir: SOIL
Transmission: wound, food borne, infant
-Not an infection, technically and intoxication except for infant botulism where the vegetative cells cause the problem.
-Typical home canned vegetables
Signs and Symptoms: weakness, face drooping, fatigue, paralysis- muscle paralysis
Treatment and Prevention:
-antitoxins: antibodies for toxins
-antibiotics for vegetative cells
Cholera
Etiology: bacterial disease: Vibrio cholerae, flagella,
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: indirect, fecal-oral
Signs and Symptoms: Very similar to travelers diarrhea, watery diarrhea. “rice water stools”, vomiting, rapid heart rate,
Treatment and Prevention: Replacing fluids/hydration-oral rehydration solution
Prevention- proper sanitation and vaccine
Hepatitis B
Etiology: Hepatitis B virus
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: Sharing infected bodily fluids
Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, dark urine, loss of appetite, jaundice, failure of liver
Treatment and Prevention: No treatment, hepatitis B vaccine
Herpes
Etiology: Virus Herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: HSV-1: contact with the saliva of carriers
-HSV-2: through sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: Many may never develop symptoms, watery blisters, cold sore, lesions and sores on genitals
Treatment and Prevention: No treatment, antivirals lessen severity of flare ups
Lyme Disease
Etiology: Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete, motile, anaerobic
Reservoir: white footed mouse, ticks
Transmission: through vectors, aka ticks
Signs and Symptoms: fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, joint pAIN, SWELLING, facial palsy
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, insect repellant
Necrotizing fasciitis
Etiology: Streptococcus pyogene, gram positive, motile
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: cut, wound, or insect bite, poor immunity
Signs and Symptoms: red, swelling, violet blisters, peeling, flakiness, pain, diarrhea, dehydration, toxic shock
Treatment and Prevention: surgery, antibiotics
Rabies
Etiology: Rabies virus
Reservoir: Raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, coyotes
Transmission: Saliva of infected animal
Signs and Symptoms: fever, cerebral dysfunction, delirium, agitation, anxiety, confusion, abnormal behavior
Treatment and Prevention: Human rabies immune globulin and vaccines for bites
Syphilis
Etiology: Treponema pallidum, spirochete, gram negative, motile
Reservoir: Human
Transmission: sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: can be infected for years without knowing, lymph nodes begin to swell, four stages:primary, secondary, latent, tertiary. rashes, headache, fatigue, neurological problems,
Treatment and Prevention: law of chastity, antibiotics
Typhoid Fever
Etiology: Salmonella typhi, gram negative, bacillus, motile, aerobic, flagella
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: fecal-oral
Signs and Symptoms: constant high fever, spotty rash, stomach pain, flu symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: fluids, vaccination, antibiotics
Zika Virus
Etiology: Zika virus
Reservoir: mosquitos
Transmission: bite of mosquito, mother to fetus, sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: fever, rash, red eyes, aches and pains
Treatment and Prevention: rest, fluids, tylenol, insect repellant, safe sex
First wall
skin, mucosal membranes, secretions: lactic acid, fatty acid
Second wall
non-specific internal defenses
Third layer
antigen specific immune responses
If you feel sick that means that the pathogen has made it to what wall?
the third
Examples of first wall
- tears
- lysozyme
- stomach acid
- normal flora
Examples of second wall
- Neutrophils, basophils, and macrophages; cell eating organisms
- natural killer cells
- inflammation
- fever
- interferons
- Always present and ready to go, non-specific
Interferons
interfere with viral replication
Examples of third wall
- Activated b-cells
- activated t-cells
- –cytotoxic t-cell
- –helper t-cell
- must be exposed to be activated
CD8 cells
cytotoxic t-cells
CD4 cells
helper t-cells
MHC class 1
found on ALL nucleated cells
MHC class 2
found on antigen-presenting cells (APC’s)
Chemotaxis
chemical detection of a phagocyte that leads them out of the blood vessel to the infection
-attachment proteins are produced, phagocytes start sticking, then they find a gap.
Diapedesis
white blood cells squeeze through blood vessel walls.
Obstenin
anything that enhances phagocytosis, compliment proteins. Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis with macrophages
Is the third wall adaptive or innate?
adaptive
Specificity
b-cells and t-cells are activated by ANTIGENS
Memory
activated cells have a better response to Ag that have entered the body 2 or more times.
What are two elements of the third wall?
specificity and memory
Antigens
foreign substances (proteins, carbohydrates, etc)